Harmonic tropical morphisms and approximation (Q2182387)

Harmonic tropical morphisms and approximation deals with harmonic amoebas and their relation to tropical curves by proving an approximation theorem. The amoeba of an algebraic curve \(S\) inside the complex torus \((\mathbb{C}^*)^m\) is its image in \(\mathbb{R}^m\) under the logarithmic map \(z\mapsto\log|z|\) taken coordinate by coordinate. Each coordinate map \(z\) on \(S\) can be viewed as follows: let \(\omega=\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{z}\) restricted to \(S\), which is a meromorphic \(1\)-form on \(S\). The \(1\)-form happens to be \textit{imaginary normalized}, meaning that its periods on \(S\) are purely imaginary. Thus, the real part is an exact \(1\)-form, whose primitive is the coordinate composed with \(z\mapsto\log|z|\), leading to the amoeba map. In the algebraic case, the periods of these differential forms happen to be integer multiples of \(2i\pi\). An harmonic amoeba of a Riemann surface \(S\), concept introduced by \textit{I. Krichever} [Transl., Ser. 2, Am. Math. Soc. 234, 265--278 (2014; Zbl 1364.32008)], is obtained in the same by taking \(m\) meromorphic differential forms with purely imaginary periods but not necessarily in \(2i\pi\mathbb{Z}\), and then mapping to \(\mathbb{R}^m\) the integral of their real parts, which are exact \(1\)-forms. The term \textit{harmonic} comes from the fact that the coordinates of this generalized amoeba map are harmonic funtions on \(S\). Informations on families of algebraic curves in \((\mathbb{C}^*)^m\) might be obtained through the study of their \textit{tropical limit}, which is the limit in the Hausdorff sense of the family of their amoebas. Geometrically, tropical curves in \(\mathbb{R}^m\) are some finite graphs whose edges have rational slopes and satisfying some balancing condition at their vertices. Tropical curves share many properties with usual algebraic curves and their study allows one to solve algebraic problems through the use of some correspondence theorem, as done by \textit{G. Mikhalkin} [J. Am. Math. Soc. 18, No. 2, 313--377 (2005; Zbl 1092.14068)]. The tropical harmonic amoeba generalizes this definition by allowing edges to have non-rational slopes. In a natural way, tropical harmonic amoebas come as the limit of families of harmonic amoebas, which is carefully studied in the paper. Tropical curves have a geometry of their own, which allows one to define tropical curves without having to talk about family of algebraic curves. However, with this definition, every tropical curve might not come as the tropical limit of some family of algebraic curves. The story is different in the world of harmonic amoebas, since the main result of the paper is the ideal approximation theorem: every tropical harmonic amoeba comes as the limit of a family of harmonic amoeba. Working carefully the conditions for an harmonic amoeba to be an algebraic amoeba, it is even possible to give a new proof of the correspondence theorem of Mikhalkin, which is the second result of the paper. The paper first recalls the main definition of harmonic amoebas and tropical curves in the enlarged setting of non-rational slopes. It then studies the convergence of these objects to prove its approximation theorem and reprove the correspondence theorem which states that under suitable hypothesis, tropical curves come as the limit of a family of algebraic curves.