Convolutions of Liouvillian sequences (Q2188976)

This paper studies the closure properties of special sequences, including Liouvillian sequences and d'Alembertian sequences. In general, Liouvillian and d'Alembertian sequences are not closed under convolution (Cauchy product). Then the natural problem is to find some restrictions on these sequences which would guarantee the closure property with respect to convolution. This paper answers this problem by introducing two special classes of Liouvillian and d'Alembertian sequences. A sequence is said to be quasi-rational if it is a linear combination of geometric sequences over the field of rational sequences. The ring of d'Alembertian sequences is the least subring of the ring of sequences which contains all hypergeometric sequences and is closed under shift, all inverse shift, and indefinite summation. The ring of (quasi-)rational d'Alembertian sequences is the least subring of the ring of sequences which contains all (quasi-)rational sequences and is closed under shift, all inverse shift, and indefinite summation. The first main theorem of this paper is that the convolution of a d'Alembertian sequence and a (quasi-)rational d'Alembertian sequence is d'Alembertian. The ring of Liouvillian sequences is the least subring of the ring of sequences which contains all hypergeometric sequences and is closed under shift, all inverse shift, indefinite summation, and interlacing. The ring of (quasi-)rational Liouvillian sequences is the least subring of the ring of sequences which contains all (quasi-)rational sequences and is closed under shift, all inverse shift, indefinite summation, and interlacing. The second main theorem of this paper is that the convolution of a Liouvillian sequence and a (quasi-)rational Liouvillian sequence is Liouvillian .