The Schwarzian derivative of a \(p\)-valent function (Q2192166)

The author shows that a comparison of the capacities of suitable condensers leads to estimates for Schwarzian derivatives \[S_f(z)=\frac{f'''(z)}{f'(z)}-\frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{f''(z)}{f'(z)}\right)^2=6\lim_{\lambda\to z}\left(\frac{f'(z)f'(\lambda)}{(f(z)-f(\lambda))^2}-\frac{1}{(z-\lambda)^2}\right)\] of holomorphic functions in the unit disk \(U=\{z\in\mathbb C:|z|<1\}\). A function \(w=f(z)\) is said to realize a complete \(p\)-fold covering of a domain \(D\) by the domain \(B\) if \(f(B)=D\), every point \(w\in D\) has exactly \(p\) preimages in \(B\), counting multiplicities, and all limit values of \(f(z)\) as \(z\in B\) tends to \(\partial B\) belong to \(\partial D\). The main result of the paper is given in the following theorem. Theorem 1. Let \(D\) be a domain with Green function in the extended complex plane \(\overline{\mathbb C}_w\), let \(f\) be a meromorphic function \(p\)-valent in U and ranging in \(D\), and let \(w_0\) be a fixed finite point of \(D\). Assume that the function \(f(z)-w_0\) has \(p\) distinct simple zeros \(z_1,\dots,z_p\in U\). Then \[\pi p[K(w_0,\overline{w_0})-\text{Re}\,\ell(w_0,w_0)]\leq -\frac{1}{6}\text{Re}\sum_{k=1}^p\frac{S_f(z_k)}{(f'(z_k))^2}+\] \[\sum_{k=1}^p\frac{|z_k|^2}{(1-|z_k|^2)^2|f'(z_k)|^2}+ \text{Re}\sum_{k=1}^p\sum_{j=1}^p\frac{1}{(1-z_k\overline{z_j})f'(z_k)\overline{f'(z_j)}}.\] Here \(K(w_0,\overline{w_0})\) and \(\ell(w_0,w_0)\) are the Bergman kernels of \(D\) of the first and the second kind, respectively, with respect to the class of all square integrable regular functions in \(D\). If, in addition, the domain \(D\) is simply connected, then the above inequality holds, for example, for any function \(f\) realizing a complete \(p\)-fold covering of \(D\) by \(U\) and satisfying the assumption of the theorem. As for the the equality cases in Theorem 1, the author points out at the Blaschke product if \(D=U_w\). This remark allows him to describe a lot of equality cases in different settings.