A priori estimates for \(D_4\) and \(F_4\) Toda systems (Q2192353)

Let \((M, g)\) be a Riemann surface with \(vol(M) = 1\). The main system which the authors consider in this article is \[ \begin{cases} \Delta_gu_1 + 2\varrho_1h_1e^{u_1} - \varrho_2h_2e^{u_2} = 2\varrho_1 - \varrho_2, \\ \Delta_gu_2 - \varrho_1h_1e^{u_1} + 2\varrho_2h_2e^{u_2} = 2\varrho_2 - \varrho_1, \end{cases}\tag{1.4} \] where \(\varrho_1, \varrho_2 > 0\) are parameters, \(h_1, h_2\) are positive, smooth functions on \(M\) and \(\Delta_g\) is the Laplace-Beltrami operator (\(-\Delta_g \ge 0\)). Letting \(u^k = (u^k_1 , u^k_2 )\) be a sequence of blow-up solutions to (1.4), the authors denote by \(\lambda^k_i\) the maximum of \(u^k_i\) on \(M\) for \(i = 1, 2\) and assume \[ \begin{cases} \int_M h_ie^{u_i} = 1, \quad i = 1, 2, \\ h_1, h_2 \;\;\mbox{are positive smooth functions on} \; M, \\ \lambda^k_i \to \infty \; \mbox{ for }\; i = 1, 2, \quad e^{-\lambda^k_i/4} \lambda^k_j \to 0,\quad i\not= j. \end{cases}\tag{A} \] The main contribution of this article is the following theorem Theorem 1.1. Let \(u_{k} = (u^k_1 , u^k_2 )\) be a sequence of solutions of (1.4) that satisfies (A). If \((\varrho^k_1, \varrho^k_2 )\to (4\pi , 4\pi N )\) for some \(N\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(N \ge 2\). Then there are only three possible formations of bubbling solutions: (1) \(q^k\to q\), \(p^k_l\to p_l\) for \(l = 1, \ldots, N\), where \(q, p_1, \ldots, p_N\) are \(N + 1\) distinct points, \(q^k\) is a local maximum of \(u^k_1\) and the \(p^k_l\)s are local maximums of \(u^k_2\). (2) \(u^k_1\) has one blow-up point \(q\), and \(u^k_2\) has \(N - 1\) blow-up points: \(q, p_3, \ldots, p_N\), and, for \(\tau > 0\) small, holds \[ u^k_2(x) + 2 \log|x - q^k|\le C \quad \mbox{in}\quad B(q^k, \tau). \tag{1.8} \] (3) \(u^k_1\) has one blow-up point \(q\), \(u^k_2\) has \(N - 1\) blow-up points \(q, p_3, \ldots, p_N\). In a small neighborhood of \(q\) that excludes other blow-up points, there are two local maximums of \(u^k_2\) denoted by \(p^k_1 , p^k_2\), one local maximum of \(u^k_1\) denoted by \(q^k\), and \[ \lim\limits_{k\to\infty} \frac{p^k_1 - p^k_2}{\delta_k}= 2 \lim\limits_{k\to\infty}(p^k_1 - q^k)=\delta_k,\quad \delta_k =|p^k_1 - q^k|\to 0, \tag{1.9} \] and \[ u^k_2(p^k_i)+ 2 \log|x - q^k| \to \infty,\quad i = 1, 2.\tag{1.10} \] The authors also state situations when cases (2), (3) can be ruled out (Theorems 1.2-1.4). The other main results include sharp estimates of the profile of bubbling solutions: their pointwise estimate, location of blow-up points, and comparison of heights for each case. To obtain these results the authors take advantage of the Harnack inequality, analyze the behavior of solutions using their spherical averages and also many standard results for single Liouville equations are used to obtain precise error estimates.