Automatic continuity of almost 3-homomorphisms and almost 3-Jordan homomorphisms (Q2193454)

Suppose that \(A\) and \(B\) are complex Banach algebras and that \(\phi: A \to B\) is linear map. For an integer \(n \geq 2\), we say that \(\phi\) is an \textit{\(n\)-homomorphism} if \(\phi(a_1a_2\dots a_n) = \phi(a_1)\phi(a_2)\dots\phi(a_n)\) for all \(a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n\) in \(A\), and we say that \(\phi\) is \textit{almost \(n\)-multiplicative} if there exists an \(\epsilon > 0\) such that \(\Vert \phi(a_1a_2\dots a_n) - \phi(a_1)\phi(a_2)\dots\phi(a_n)\Vert \leq \epsilon\Vert a_1\Vert \Vert a_2\Vert \dots \Vert a_n\Vert \) for all \(a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n\) in \(A\). In the paper under review, the authors prove that if \(B\) is semisimple, then every \(3\)-homomorphism has norm bounded by 1, and is therefore continuous. They also prove that when \(B\) is semisimple, every almost \(3\)-multiplicative linear map is continuous. The authors also consider a related property on a linear map \(\phi: A \to B\); we say that \(\phi\) is an \textit{almost \(n\)-Jordan homomorphism} if there exists an \(\epsilon > 0\) with the property that \(\Vert\phi(a^n) - \phi(a)^n\Vert \leq \epsilon\Vert a\Vert^n\) for every \(a\) in \(A\). The authors prove that, if \(A\) is a commutative Banach algebra, then every almost \(3\)-Jordan homomorphism \(\phi: A \to \mathbb{C}\) is automatically continuous.