An example of Silnikov focus-focus homoclinic orbits (Q2202222)
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An example of Silnikov focus-focus homoclinic orbits (English)
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17 September 2020
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In the present manuscript, the authors provide a concrete example of a \textit{four-dimensional} autonomous system of ODEs possessing a \textit{Silnikov homoclinic orbit}. We remind that, given an autonomous system of ODEs \[ \dot x = F(x)\qquad\text{(where $F\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$)}\tag{S} \] with a hyperbolic equilibrium $q$, a solution $x = x(t)$ of (S) is a \textit{Silnikov homoclinic orbit} if it satisfies the following properties: \begin{itemize} \item[(D0)] $x(t) \neq q$ and $|x(t)-q|\to 0$ as $|t|\to\infty$; \item[(D1)] the eigenvalues of $F'(q)$ having the smallest positive real part are of the form $\sigma+i\omega$, with $\omega > 0$, each having algebraic multiplicity one, and such that $0 < \sigma < -\mathrm{Re}(\lambda)$ for all eigenvalues $\lambda$ with $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda) < 0$; \item[(D2)] up to a scalar multiple, $x'(t)$ is the unique nontrivial bounded solution of \[ \dot y = F'(x(t))y; \] \item[(D3)] $x(t)e^{-\nu t}$ is unbounded on $t\leq 0$, where $\nu > 0$ is such that \[ \text{$\sigma < \nu < \lambda$ for all eigenvalues $\lambda$ of $F'(q)$ with $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda) > \sigma$}; \] \item[(D4)] there does not exist $\xi\neq 0$ such that the solution $y(t)$ of \[ \begin{cases} \dot y = -F'(x(t))^*y, \\ y(0) = \xi \end{cases} \] is bounded on $\mathbb{R}_-$, and the solution of \[ \begin{cases} \dot y = -\big(F'(x(t))^*-\nu\big)y, \\ y(0) = \xi \end{cases} \] is bounded on $\mathbb{R}_+$. \end{itemize} As pointed out by the authors in the Introduction, the importance of these orbits is that there exists \textit{chaotic behavior in their neighborhood}. In order to construct the mentioned example, the authors exploit essentially a \textit{perturbation approach}, which is carefully explained in the Introduction. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] First of all, they construct a four-dimensional system having a homoclinic solution to a hyperbolic fixed point at the origin, and such that the linearization at 0 has two real eigenvalues with both algebraic and geometrical multiplicity 2. \item[(b)] Then, they add a two-parameter dependent perturbation of the form \[ A(\gamma)x+\mu h(x) \] where $A(\gamma)$ is a matrix such that $A(0) = 0$ and $h(x)$ is a nonlinear function such that $h(0) = 0$ and $h'(0) = 0$. \end{itemize} Under suitable `technical' assumptions on the function $h$, the authors are able to deduce from a general result (Theorem 1 of the paper) that the resulting system has a Silnikov homoclinic orbit.
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