End extensions of models of fragments of \(\mathrm{PA}\) (Q2204367)

\textit{J. B. Paris} and \textit{L. A. S. Kirby} showed in [Stud. Logic Found. Math. Vol. 96, 199--209 (1978; Zbl 0442.03042)] that for all \(n>1\), a countable model \(M\) of bounded induction \(I\Delta_0\) satisfies the \(\Sigma_n\)-collection schema \(B\Sigma_n\) if and only \(M\) has a proper \(\Sigma_n\)-elementary end extension to a model of \(I\Delta_0\). In an attempt to generalize this to models of arbitrary cardinality, \textit{P. G. Clote} [Fundam. Math. 127, 163--170 (1987; Zbl 0619.03038); Fundam. Math. 158, No. 3, 301--302 (1998; Zbl 0924.03108)] proved that for all \(n>1\), every model of \(I\Sigma_n\) has a proper \(\Sigma_n\)-elementary extension to a model of \(I\Delta_0\). In his proof Clote [loc. cit.], uses a restricted ultrapower construction. The authors give another, detailed proof of Clote's result [loc. cit.] using a subtle version of the arithmetized completeness theorem. In Section 3 of the paper, that proof is modified to obtain a new result: every model of \(I\Sigma_1\) has an proper end extension satisfying \(I\Delta_0\). The authors acknowledge that the same result can be proved using the results in [\textit{A. Enayat} and \textit{T. L. Wong}, Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 168, No. 6, 1247--1283 (2017; Zbl 1422.03080)]. The notoriously difficult problem whether every model of \(B\Sigma_1\) has an proper end extension satisfying \(I\Delta_0\) is still open. The paper concludes with a list of interesting related open problems.