Periodic solutions for the Lorentz force equation with singular potentials (Q2208764)

The authors consider the Lorentz force equation \[ (\phi(q'))'=E(t,q)+q'\times B(t,q)\,, \] where \(E\) and \(B\) are the electric and magnetic field, respectively, and \[ \phi(v)=\frac{v}{\sqrt{1-|v|^2}}\,. \] They take \(E(t,q)=-\nabla V(q)+h(t)\), with \(h\in L^1([0,T],\mathbb{R}^3)\), and they assume (H1) \(V\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^3\setminus\{0\},R)\) and \[\lim_{|q|\to\infty}\nabla V(q)=0;\] (H2) \(q\cdot \nabla V(q)<0\) for every \(q\in \mathbb{R}^3\) and there exist \(c_0,\varepsilon_0>0\) and \(\gamma\ge1\) such that \(q\cdot\nabla V(q)\le-c_0|q|^{-\gamma}\) when \(|q|<\varepsilon_0\); (H3) \(B\in C([0,T]\times \mathbb{R}^3\setminus\{0\},\mathbb{R}^3)\) and there exists \(C_B>0\) such that \[\limsup_{|q|\to\infty}|B(t,q)|<C_B<\frac{1}{T}\Big|\int_0^Th(t)\,dt\Big|;\] (H4) there exist \(c_1,\varepsilon_1>0\) and \(\beta\in(0,\gamma)\) such that \(|B(t,q)|\le c_1|q|^{-\beta-1}\) for all \(t\in[0,T]\) when \(|q|<\varepsilon_1\). Under the above assumptions, by the use of topological degree methods they prove that the Lorenz force equation has at least one solution \(q:[0,T]\to \mathbb{R}^3\) such that \(|q'(t)|<1\) for every \(t\in[0,T]\) and \(q(0)-q(T)=0=q'(0)-q'(T)\).