The class of all natural implicative expansions of Kleene's strong logic functionally equivalent to Łukasiewicz's 3-valued logic Ł3 (Q2209169)

The three-valued strong Kleene matrices described in [\textit{S. C. Kleene}, Introduction to metamathematics. Groningen: P. Noordhoff N.v. (1952; Zbl 0047.00703)] include interpretations of negation and disjunction, whence a three-valued material conditional can be defined in the standard way. But many alternative three-valued interpretations of the conditional have been given, e.g., that of [\textit{J. Łukasiewicz}, On three-valued logic, in: Selected Works. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 87--88 (1970; Zbl 0212.00902)] that determines the logic Ł3. Given the abundance of candidates, the matter of defining which three-valued truth-functions are ``authentic'' representations of a conditional has been an interesting one. One formal definition has been offered in [\textit{N. Tomova}, Rep. Math. Logic 47, 173--182 (2012; Zbl 1308.03042)]. Let the Kleene truth values be \(\lbrace 0,\frac{1}{2},1\rbrace\) and let \(\mathcal{D}\) be a subset of \textit{designated values}; then a three-valued truth function \(f\) is a natural conditional if: \begin{itemize} \item[1)] \(f\) agrees with the classical two-valued interpretation of the conditional for classical truth-values. \item[2)] \(f\) satisfies \textit{modus ponens}, \textit{i.e.}, if \(x\in\mathcal{D}\) and \(f(x,y)\in\mathcal{D}\) then \(y\in\mathcal{D}\). \item[3)] For any values \(x,y\) such that \(a\leq b\), \(f(a,b)\in\mathcal{D}\). \end{itemize} This paper provides a \textit{more general} notion of ``naturalness'' by replacing condition 3) with \begin{itemize} \item[3\('\))] For any values \(x,y\) such that \(a=b\), \(f(a,b)\in\mathcal{D}\). \end{itemize} and investigates the formal properties of the classes of natural conditionals in the paracomplete case of one designated value (\(\mathcal{D}=\lbrace 1\rbrace\)) and paraconsistent case of two designated values (\(\mathcal{D}=\lbrace\frac{1}{2},1\rbrace\)). The primary results of this paper are twofold. First, in the case of one designated value, the authors show that all expansions of the strong Kleene logic by a natural conditional in the weak sense are equivalent to Łukasiewicz' 3-valued logic Ł3 in the sense of \textit{functional equivalence}. I.e., each of the 54 expansions with a natural conditional is interdefinable with one another and with Ł3. This holds \textit{a fortiori} for the class of expansions with natural conditionals in Tomova's sense, of course. Second, in the case with two designated values, the authors show that 27 of the expansions are functionally equivalent to the logic J3 of [\textit{A. S. Karpenko}, Log. Log. Philos. 7, 81--86 (1999; Zbl 1001.03029)] and that although the remaining expansions are definable \textit{within} J3, no two members of this class are functionally equivalent to one another, nor functionally equivalent to J3. In the concluding remarks, the authors thoroughly align the individual 108 expansions considered in the paper with systems that have appeared in the literature. This establishes some novel equivalences between well-known three-valued logics. Finally, connections between the expansions and formal properties of \textit{relevant logics} are explored in an appendix. Although none of the expansions that are ``natural'' according to Tomova's original definition are ``relevant,'' the authors show that eleven expansions on the weaker definition are ``relevant'' in the sense of enjoying the hallmark \textit{variable-sharing property}.