The doubling metric and doubling measures (Q2210770)

Let \((X, \delta)\) be a metric space. For open \(V \subseteq X\) the authors define the set \[ V_{*} = \bigcup \{B(x, 2r) \colon B(x, r) \subseteq V\}, \] where \(B(x, r)\) is the open ball with the center \(x \in X\) and radius \(r > 0\). Write \(V_{*}^{0} = V\) and \(V_{*}^{n} = (V_{*}^{n-1})_{*}\) for any integer \(n \geqslant 1\). Let \(U \subseteq X\) be open. Then define the directed doubling distance \(d_{\to}(V, U)\) and the doubling distance \(d(U, V)\) as \[ d_{\to}(V, U) = \inf \{n \colon U \subseteq V_{*}^{n}\} \quad \text{and} \quad d(U, V) = \max\{d_{\to}(U, V), d_{\to}(V, U)\}. \] Recall that a measure \(\mu\) on a metric space \((X, \delta)\) is said to be \(C\)-doubling for \(C \in [1, \infty)\) if \[ 0 < \mu (B(x, 2r)) \leqslant C \mu (B(x, r)) < \infty \] holds for every open ball \(B(x, r)\) and denote by \(D_C(X)\) the set of all \(C\)-doubling measures on \(X\). The authors find several connections between the doubling distance and the doubling measures. \medskip Theorem. Let \((X, \delta)\) be a metric space, let \(U\) and \(V\) be open subsets of \(X\) with \(d_{\to}(U, V) < \infty\) and let \(\mu \in D_C(X)\) for some \(C \in [1, \infty)\). Then the inequality \[ \mu(U) \geqslant C^{-3d_{\to}(U, V)} \mu (V) \] holds. For Borel subsets \(U\), \(V\) of \(X\) the authors introduce the quantities \[ m_{\to}(U, V) = \inf_{C \in [1, \infty)} \inf \{t \geqslant 0 \colon \mu(U) \geqslant C^{-t} \mu(V), \mu \in D_C(X)\} \] and \(m(U, V) = \max \{m_{\to}(U, V), m_{\to}(V, U)\}\). In the next theorem, that is a main result of the paper, a subset of a metric space is called a simple open set if it can be written as a finite union of open balls. Theorem. Let \((X, \delta)\) be a metric space that carries a doubling measure. If \(U\) and \(V\) are simple open sets, then \(d(U, V) \leqslant 4[6m(U, V) + 2]\) holds. The paper contains also a subtle game-theoretic definition of directed doubling distance and some interesting facts related to Lipschitz functions with respect to such distances.