Explicit Galois realizations of certain families of \(2\)-groups (Q2211033)

The inverse Galois problem over \(Q\), which is a fundamental question still open in Galois Theory, is concerned with the question: Is every finite group realizable as the Galois group of a Galois extension of \(Q\)? From the Hilbert Irreducibility Theorem, if a finite group \(G\) can be realized as the Galois group of an extension \(E_T/Q(T)\) with \(T\) transcendental over \(Q\), then it can also be realized as the Galois group of an extension \(E_{t_0}/Q\) by specializing \(T\) to some rational number \(t_0\in Q\). Moreover, if \(E_T/Q(T)\) is regular (i.e. \(Q\) is algebraically closed in \(E_T\)), \(G\) occurs as a Galois group over every number field. Hence the special interest in the R(egular) I(nverse) G(alois) P(roblem), which also provides a geometric point of view: it amounts to finding a Galois cover of \(\mathbb{P}^1\) of group \(G\) defined over \(Q\). A constructive approach to the \(RIGP/Q\) is to give an explicit a \(Q\)-regular Galois extension \(E_T/Q(T)\) whose Galois group is the prescribed group \(G\). The purpose of the current paper (under review) is the construction, for non-abelian groups \(G\) of order \(2^n\) and exponent \(2^{n-1}\), of explicit \(Q\)-regular extensions \(E_T/Q(T)\) of Galois group \(G\). According to \textit{C. U. Jensen} et al. [Generic polynomials. Constructive aspects of the inverse Galois problem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002; Zbl 1042.12001), p. 127], for \(n\geq 3\), there are exactly four such groups \(G\), namely: the dihedral group \(D_{2^n}\), the quasi-dihedral group \(QD_{2^n}\), the modular group \(M_{2^n}\) and the generalized quaternion group \(Q_{2^n}\). Note that the first three groups are semi-direct products \(\mathbb{Z}/2^{n-1}\mathbb{Z}\rtimes \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\) and the last is quotient of a semi-direct product \(\mathbb{Z}/2^{n-1}\mathbb{Z} \rtimes \mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}\), so they are regular Galois groups over \(Q\) (For example see [\textit{M. D. Fried} and \textit{M. Jarden}, Field arithmetic. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1145.12001), Corollary 16.4.8]), i.e., \(G\) is the Galois group of a Galois field extension \(E_T\) of \(Q(T)\) that is \(Q\)-regular, and therefore \(G\) is realizable as Galois group over \(Q\). However, the existence of explicit realizations of these groups remains in general unknown (Specific examples of realization have been given in [Jensen et al., loc. cit.]). The first main theorem consists in constructing, by explicitly taking into account the method of Fried and Jarden [loc. cit., \S16.4], for every \(n\geq 3\) and every semi-direct product \(G=\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z} \rtimes \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\), an explicit Galois \(Q\)-regular extension of \(Q(T)\) of Galois group \(G\). As a special (but fundamental) case of the above result, explicit realizations of groups \(D_{2^n}\), \(QD_{2^n}\) and \( M_{2^n}\) as \(Q\)-regular Galois groups over \(Q(T)\) have been given. This more general (main) result also allows us to construct an explicit \(Q\)-regular Galois extension of \(Q(T)\) of Galois group \(D_{2n}\) having \(2n\) elements. This provides a regular variant, valid for any \(n\geq 3\), of a Martinais and Schneps construction [\textit{D. Martinais} and \textit{L. Schneps}, Sémin. Théor. Nombres Bordx., Sér. II 4, No. 1, 141--153 (1992; Zbl 0780.12006)]. It should be noted that the method used differs from that of Fried and Jarden [loc. cit., \S16.4] since the construction of the Galois extension \(E_T/Q(T)\) of group \(\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}\rtimes \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\) is direct, it does not require the specialization argument. The second main theorem, consists in constructing an explicit \(Q\)-regular extension of \(Q(T)\) of Galois group \(Q_{2^n}\). The author then provided, by explaining the method of \textit{F. Legrand} [Isr. J. Math. 214, No. 2, 621--650 (2016; Zbl 1380.12004)] which is based on the specialization inertia, explicit arithmetic progressions of integers \(t_0\) such that the specialization \(E_ {t_0}/Q\) of \(E_T/Q(T)\) at \(t_0\) has \(Q_{2^n}\) as its Galois group. Furthermore, it seems plausible that this result has its analogues for the other 2-groups considered in this article.