Anomalous fractional magnetic field diffusion through cross-section of a massive toroidal ferromagnetic core (Q2211971)

In [the authors, ibid. 92, Article ID 105450, 12 p. (2021; Zbl 07274869)], a model for magnetic losses of a ferromagnetic material was considered, which includes a fractional diffusion equation with one space dimension. In the subsequent article, the authors investigate this approach for modelling a toroidal ferromagnetic core, where a cross section with two space dimensions is analysed. A linear partial differential equation (PDE) incorporates second-order space derivatives and a fractional-order time derivative, where a combination of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions is applied. Both the magnetic field-flux relation and the magnetic permeability represent nonlinear functions. The space derivatives are discretised by a standard finite difference scheme. The resulting nonlinear systems of algebraic equations are solved iteratively. In contrast to separation techniques, all dynamical effects of the magnetic behaviour are considered simultaneously by the fractional diffusion equation. The authors perform several numerical simulations of the toroidal ferromagnetic core. Different values are examined for three parameters: the electric conductivity, the frequency of the external excitation, and the fractional order of the time derivative. The fractional order represents a modelling parameter, whereas the conductivity and the frequency are physical parameters. The numerical results are illustrated in figures and interpretations are given. Furthermore, the authors validate their model by a comparison between numerical simulations and physical measurements. The parameters of the mathematical model are identified by an optimisation procedure, where a feedback simulation method is used. This technique also determines an (optimal) fractional order of the time derivative. It follows that there is a good agreement of the numerical results and the measurements.