Solvability in the sense of sequences for some fourth order non-Fredholm operators (Q2214687)

In the introduction the authors shortly consider the problem \[ -\Delta u +V(x)u - au = f, \tag{1.1} \] where \(u \in E =H^2(\mathbb R^d)\) and \(f \in F = L^2(\mathbb R^d)\), \(d \in\mathbb N\), \(a\) is a constant and the scalar potential function \(V(x)\) tends to \(0\) at infinity. They state that it is well known that if $V(x) \to\infty$ as $|x| \to\infty$, it leads only to the discreteness of the spectrum. For $a \geq 0$, the essential spectrum of the operator $A : E \to F$ corresponding to the left side of equation (1.1) contains the origin. Consequently, this operator fails to satisfy the Fredholm property. Its image is not closed, for $d > 1$ the dimensions of its kernel and the codimension of its image are not finite. In the first part of the work the authors consider such operators squared, namely \[ \{-\Delta_x + V(x)- \Delta_y + U(y)\}^2u -a^2 u = f(x, y),\quad x,y \in\mathbb R^3 , \tag{1.2} \] where the Laplace operators $\Delta_x$ and $\Delta_y$ are with respect to the $x$ and $y$ variables respectively, such that cumulatively $\Delta = \Delta_x+ \Delta_y$. They state that in the applications the sum of the two Schrödinger type operators has the physical meaning of the resulting hamiltonian of the two non-interacting quantum particles. The authors study solvability of linear nonhomogeneous elliptic problems and establish that under reasonable technical conditions the convergence in $L^2(\mathbb R^d)$ of their right sides implies the existence and the onvergence in $H^4(\mathbb R^d)$ of the solutions. They emphasize that in this article they deal with the fourth order operators in contrast to previous articles with second order operators and investigate the dependence of the solvability conditions on the dimension of the problem when the constant $a = 0$. Moreover they also consider the case of solvability with a single potential in an arbitrary dimension.