On matrix fourth Painlevé hierarchies (Q2214696)

For square matrices \(u_0=u_0(x,t),\) \(u_1=u_1(x,t)\) write \(\mathbf{u}=(u_0,u_1)^T\). Let \( J_0[\mathbf u]= (1/4)(\partial_x^3 + A_{u_0}\partial_x +\partial_x A_{u_0} + C_{u_0} \partial_x^{-1} C_{u_0})\), \( J_1[\mathbf u]= (1/4)(A_{u_1}\partial_x +\partial_x A_{u_1} + C_{u_0} \partial_x^{-1} C_{u_1}+ C_{u_1} \partial_x^{-1} C_{u_0})\), \( J[\mathbf u]= \partial_x- (1/4) C_{u_1} \partial_x^{-1} C_{u_1}\) with the operators \(A_{u_0} \cdot =u_0\cdot + \cdot u_0,\) \(C_{u_0} \cdot =u_0\cdot - \cdot u_0.\) Define the sequence of operators \(\{\mathbf L_m[\mathbf u]\}\) by \(\mathbf L_{-1} [\mathbf u]=(0, 2I)^T,\) \(B_0[\mathbf u] \mathbf L_m[\mathbf u]=B_1[\mathbf u] \mathbf L_{m-1} [\mathbf u],\) where \[ B_0[\mathbf u]=\begin{pmatrix} -J_1[\mathbf u] & J[\mathbf u] \\ J[\mathbf u] & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad B_1[\mathbf u]=\begin{pmatrix} J_0[\mathbf u] & 0 \\ 0 & J[\mathbf u] \end{pmatrix}. \] This paper introduces a nonisospectral matrix dispersive water wave hierarchy of the form \[ \mathbf u_t=\mathcal R^n[\mathbf u]\mathbf u_x +\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\gamma_k\mathcal R^k[\mathbf u] \mathbf u_x + \frac {g_n}2 \begin{pmatrix} 2u_0 +x u_{0,x} \\ u_1+x u_{1,x} \end{pmatrix} + g_{n+1} \begin{pmatrix} - u_1/2 \\ I \end{pmatrix} \tag{1} \] with \(\mathcal R[\mathbf u]=B_1[\mathbf u]B_0[\mathbf u]^{-1}\) and scalar functions \(\gamma_k=\gamma_k(t),\) \(g_n=g_n(t),\) \(g_{n+1}=g_{n+1}(t)\), and discovers new matrix P\(_{IV}\) hierarchies and a new matrix P\(_{II}\) hierarchy. Under the condition \(g_{n+1}=0\), from the stationary reduction of (1) i.e. (1) such that \(u_0=u_0(x),\) \(u_1=u_1(x)\) and \(g_n \not=0,\) \(\gamma_0, \ldots, \gamma_{n-1}\) are constants, the authors derive three matrix P\(_{IV}\) hierarchies, one of which is given by \[\mathcal Q_n[\mathbf U, c_n, d_n]\equiv\mathbf f'[\mathbf U] ^{\dagger} \mathbf M_n [\mathbf f[\mathbf U]] +(c_n I, d_n I)^T =0. \] Here \(\mathbf M_n[\mathbf u] =\mathbf L_n[\mathbf u] +\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \gamma_k\mathbf L_k [\mathbf u] + ({g_n}/2) (2Ix , xu_1-I )^T; \) \(\mathbf U=(U,V)^T\) with square matrices \(U,\) \(V\); and \(\mathbf f[\mathbf U]\) and \(\mathbf f'[\mathbf U]^{\dagger}\) are a Miura map and the adjoint of its Fréchet derivative given by \[\mathbf f[\mathbf U] = \begin{pmatrix} -\frac 14(2(U-2V)_x +(U-2V)^2) \\ U \end{pmatrix}, \quad \mathbf f'[\mathbf U]^{\dagger} =\begin{pmatrix} \frac 12 \partial_x -\frac 14 A_U +\frac 12 A_V & 1 \\ -\partial_x -A_V +\frac 12 A_U & 0 \end{pmatrix}. \] In the case where \(U,\) \(V\) are scalar, the first nontrivial member of this yields the P\(_{IV}\) equation \(y_{zz}=y_z^2/(2y)+3y^3/2 +4zy^2 + 2(z^2-\alpha) y -\beta^2/(2y).\) A matrix P\(_{II}\) hierarchy is obtained when \(g_n=0,\) \(g_{n+1} \not=0\). Furthermore auto-Bäcklund transformations, Bäcklund transformations and special integrals are discussed, and known relations between P\(_{IV}\) transformations are extended to these matrix hierarchies.