Hamiltonian perturbations at the second-order approximation (Q2216167)

The author considers a system of Hamiltonian PDEs of hydrodynamic type defined on an \(n\)-dimensional complex manifold \(M\): \[\partial_t(v^{\alpha })=\eta^{\alpha\beta } \partial_x \left(\frac{\delta H_0}{\delta v^{\beta }(x)}\right), \quad \alpha ,\beta =1,\ldots ,n, \] where \((\eta_{\alpha\beta })\) is a given symmetric invertible constant matrix, \(H_0= \int_{S^1}h_0(v)dx\) is a given local functional (the Hamiltonian), \(\delta /\delta v^{\beta }(x)\) denotes the variational derivative, \(v=(v^1,\ldots ,v^n)\in M\), and \(t\in\mathbb{R}\). For repeated Greek indices the Einstein summation convention is assumed. The Hamiltonian density \(h_0 (v)\) is assumed to be a holomorphic function of \(v\). The following Hamiltonian perturbation of the above system is proposed: \[\partial_t(v^{\alpha })=\eta^{\alpha\beta } \partial_x\left(\frac{\delta H}{\delta v^{\beta }(x)}\right), \quad \alpha ,\beta =1,\ldots ,n,\] where \[ H = \int_{S^1}hdx=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty } e^jH_j \] with given \(H_j= \int_{S^1}h_jdx\). Here \(\delta /\delta v^{\beta }(x)\) denotes the variational derivative, \(v=(v^1,\ldots ,v^n)\in M\). The quantities \(h_j\) are differential polynomials of \(v\) satisfying a homogeneity condition. The variational derivative reads \[ \frac{\delta H}{\delta v^{\beta }(x)}= \sum\limits_{l=1}^{\infty }(-\partial_x)^l (\partial h/\partial v_l^{\beta }), \] where \(v_l^{\beta }=\partial_{x}^{l}(v^{\beta })\), \(l\geq 0\). Next, the author defines a complete set of Riemann invariants \(\{R_i\}_{i=1}^{n}\) whose gradients are eigenvectors of the matrix \((A_{\beta }^{\alpha })\) which satisfies, \(A_{\beta }^{\alpha }R_{i,\alpha }= \lambda_iR_{i,\beta }\), where \(R_{i,\alpha }=\partial_{\alpha }(R_i)\). It is assumed that the unperturbed system is integrable, and that the matrix operator \((A_{\beta }^{\alpha })\) has distinct eigenvalues \(\lambda_1,\ldots ,\lambda_n\) on an open dense subset \(U \subset M\). Then it is proved that its Hamiltonian perturbation \(H=H_0+\epsilon H_1+\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)\) is integrable at the first order approximation if and only if either of the following is true (1) it is trivial, (2) a given equality for the eigenvalues holds true. The second main statement of interest refers to a perturbation of the form \(H=H_0+\epsilon^2H_2+ \mathcal{O}(\epsilon^3)\). Then it is proved that such a perturbation is integrable if and only if either it is quasi-trivial, or some given conditions for the eigenvalues are satisfied.