On the singularities of the planar cubic polynomial differential systems and the Euler Jacobi formula (Q2219809)

Consider a real planar polynomial differential system \[ \dot x = P(x,y), \ \ \dot y = Q(x,y),\tag{1} \] where \(P,Q\) are quadratic polynomials. Assume that system (1) has exactly 4 real singular points. Then the well-known Berlinskii Theorem states that if the quadrilater formed by these points is convex, then two opposite singular points are anti-saddles (i.e., nodes, foci or centers) and the other two are saddles. If this quadrilater is not convex, then either the three exterior vertices are saddles and the interior vertex is an anti-saddle or the exterior vertices are anti-saddles and the interior vertex is a saddle. The authors extend the Berlinskii Theorem to polynomial differential systems (1), where \(P,Q\) are cubic polynomials. Assuming that the cubic system (1) has 9 real singular points, the authors obtain algebraic relations between the singular points and their topological indices.