Equivariant coinvariant rings, Bott-Samelson rings and Watanabe's bold conjecture (Q2223353)

In the paper under review, the authors use invariant theory to provide answers to some of questions of J.~Watanabe raised in the Problem Session of the Lefschetz Properties Workshop, in Göttingen, in 2015. Moreover, the authors give a characterization for such families of their affirmative answer. Watanabe's bold conjecture is about Artinian complete intersections and degree one embedding with the additional property that, the embedded complete intersection inheriting the strong Lefschetz property. The full definitions and formulations can be found on the same paper. Basically, \(A\) is a graded, finite dimensional (as a vector space) quotient ring over a polynomial ring, \(R,\) and \(\varphi \,:\,A\to B\) is an injective map between two complete intersections, both having the same formal dimension (that is, with respect to their gradings, both \(A\) and \(B\) have the same top degree) is called a degree one embedding. Moreover, if there exists \(\ell\in A_1\) (here \(A_i\) represents the vector space consisting of degree \(i\) elements in \(A\)) such that the multiplication maps \(f\mapsto f\times \ell^{d-2i}\) from \(A_i\) to \(A_{d-i}\) for the formal dimension \(d\) for each \(0\le i\le d/2\) are (vector space) isomorphisms, then \(A\) is said to have the strong Lefschetz property. The ring of polynomial invariants (and other derived objects) provide many good examples for different algebras and with different perspectives. In this paper, the authors use the reflection groups and their coinvariants to construct a families of rings satifying the above mentioned properties. An appendix on cyclic reflection groups and their invariant ring is also provided by the authors at the end of their paper. The coinvariants are defined as the quotient ring of the full polynomial ring divided by the Hilbert ideal where Hilbert ideal is generated by the invariant polynomials (under the reflections in this paper) of positive degree. For each reflection, \(s,\) there is an associated operator \(\Delta_s\) on the polynomial ring reducing the degree of an element, and whose kernel gives \(s\)-invariants. By defining generalized \({}_i\Delta_s\) operators, the authors constructs an isomorphism between (ordinary) Bott-Samelson ring and a quotient ring by image of generalized \({}_i\Delta_s\) operators, also proving that Bott-Samelson ring generated is a complete intersection with a triangular system of relations. (Proposition 2.15) The authors provide a running example throughout the paper explaining all the ideas with the defining representation of the symmetric group \(\Sigma_3\hookrightarrow \mathrm{GL}_3(\mathbb{F})\) as a reflection group. These examples contains both information and calculations about invariants, reflections, generalized \({}_i\Delta_s\) operators, Bott-Samelson rings, Bott-Samelson map, etc. making the ideas more clear and easy to follow. Moreover, the authors also provide GAP code and the computations to show a counterexample by using the Weyl group of type \(A_3.\) This counterexample is to show that even both complete intersections (\(A\) and \(B\) above) satisfy the strong Lefschetz property and there is a degree-one embedding, the Lefschetz property is not inherited.