Asymptotic behavior and zeros of the Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind (Q2223566)

In this paper, the asymptotic behavior of zeros of Nörlund polynomials \(B_n^{(n)}(x)\) is investigated. Here, Bernoulli polynomials of order \(a\in\mathbb C\) are defined by the generating function \[ \left(\frac{t}{e^t-1}\right)^a e^{x t}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty B_n^{(a)}(x)\frac{t^n}{n!}. \] First, it is shown that the zeros are all real and simple. Next, the asymptotic expansions for the small zeros (the zeros that are located in a fixed distance from the origin), large zeros (the zeros located in a fixed distance from \(n\)), and the middle zeros (the case for \(B_n^{(n)}(z+n/2)\)) are computed in more detail. The asymptotic formulas that are used to analyze the zeros can be viewed as the asymptotic expansion of the scaled polynomials \(B_n^{(n)}(n z)\) in the oscillatory region \(0<z<1\) and close to the edge points \(z=0\) and \(z=1\). The leading term of the asymptotic expansion of \(B_n^{(n)}(n z)\) in the non-oscillatory regime or the zero-free region \(z\in\mathbb C\backslash[0, 1]\) is derived.