CKV-type matrices with applications (Q2226423)

Given a matrix \(A\) with complex entries and size \(n\times n\), let denote \(r_{i}(A)= \sum_{j\neq i} |a_{i, j}|, i=1, 2\dots, n,\) and \(r_{i}^{j} (A)= r_{i}(A)- |a_{i, j}|, i \neq j.\) \(A\) is said to be a Dashnic-Zusmanovich (DZ, in short) matrix if there exists \(j\in\{1,2, \dots,n\}\) such that, for every \(i\neq j,\) \((|a_{i,i}| - r_{i}^{j} (A)) |a_{j,j}|> |a_{i,j}| r_{j}(A)\) holds (see [\textit{L. S. Dashnits} and \textit{M. S. Zusmanovich}, Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz. 10, 1092--1097 (1970; Zbl 0211.46802)]). On the other hand, \(A\) is said to be a \(S\)-strictly diagonally dominant (\(S\)-SSD, in short) matrix if for every nonempty \(S\subseteq\{1, 2, \dots, n \},\) then \(|a_{i, i}| > r_{i}^{S}(A)\) and \((|a_{i, i}| - r_{i}^{S} (A))(|a_{j, j}| - r_{j}^{\bar{S}}(A)) > r_{i}^{\bar{S}}(A) r_{j}^{S}(A)\) for all \(i\in S, j\in \bar{S}.\) Here, \(r_{i}^{S}(A)=\sum_{j\in S\setminus \{i\}} |a_{i, j}|\) and \(\bar{S}\) is the complementary set of \(S\) with respect to \(\{1,2, \dots,n\}.\) The union over all possible \(S\neq\emptyset\) of all \(S\)-SSD matrices is known in the literature as the CKV class (see, among others, [\textit{Y. Gao} and \textit{X. Wang}, Linear Algebra Appl. 169, 257--268 (1992; Zbl 0757.15010)]). Let denote by \(N_{A}\) the subset of indices corresponding to non strictly diagonally dominant rows, i.e. \(N_{A}=\{ k: |a_{k,k}| \leq r_{k}(A), 1\leq k\leq n \},\) then either \(N_{A}\subseteq S\) or \(N_{A}\subseteq\bar{ S}.\) Let consider \(S_{i}^{*}\) the family of proper subsets of \(\{1, 2, \dots, n \}\) containing \(i\) such that \(|a_{i,i}| > r_{i}^{S}(A)\) and, for all \(j\in \bar{S},\) \((|a_{i, i}| - r_{i}^{S} (A))(|a_{j, j}| - r_{j}^{\bar{S}}(A)) > r_{i}^{\bar{S}}(A) r_{j}^{S}(A)\) holds. Here, the authors introduce a new class of matrices as follows. \(A\) is called a CKV-type matrix if the subset \(N_{A}\) of their indices which correspond to non-SSD rows is either empty (i.e., \(A\) is an SDD matrix) or if, for all \(i\in N_{A},\) \(S_{i}^{*}\) is not empty. As a first result, the nonsingularity of CKV-type matrices is proved. Indeed, it is enough to consider the case when \(N_{A}\) is non-empty since otherwise \(A\) is an SDD and, as a consequence, is nonsingular. Taking into account that a sufficient condition for the nonsingularity of a matrix leads to an eigenvalue localization set, this question is analyzed as a second step. An extension to CKV-type matrices of a result involving Gershgorin-type disks from [\textit{L. Cvetkovic} et al., ETNA, Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. 18, 73--80 (2004; Zbl 1069.15016)] is deduced. On the other hand, an upper bound for the infinity norm of the inverse of CKV-type matrices is obtained. Finally, a new pseudospectra localization result providing a good estimation for distance to instability is obtained.