Functions universal with respect to the Walsh system (Q2227016)

The paper is devoted to the study of functions whose Fourier series are universal in some sense in different functional classes. In this context, let the metric space \(\mathcal{S}\) be an instance of spaces \(M[0,1]\), (the measurable functions in \([0,1]\)) and \(L^p[0,1]\), \(p\geq 0\). Then, the function \(U\in L^1[0,1]\) is universal for the class \(\mathcal{S}\), with respect to the system \(\Phi=\{\varphi_k\}_k\) (a complete orthornormal system in \([0,1]\)), if some the following conditions are satisfied: \par (1) In the usual sense, if the Fourier series of the function \(U\) in this system is universal in \(\mathcal{S}\); that is to say, there exists a subsequence \(\{m_k\}_k\subset \mathbb{N}\), \(m_k\to\infty\), such that, \(\{S_{m_k}(x,U,\Phi)\}_k\) converges to \(f\) in \(\mathcal{S}\). \par (2) In the quasi-usual sense, if there exists a sequence of signs \(\{\delta_k=\pm 1\}_k\), such that, \(\sum_k\delta_kc_k(U)W_k(x)\) is universal in the usual sense (where \(\{W_k\}_k\) is the Walsh-Paley system). \par (3) In the sense of permutations, if for each \(f\in \mathcal{S}\), the terms of the series \(\sum_kc_k(U)W_k(x)\) may be permuted, so that, the newly obtained series, \(\sum_kc_{\sigma(k)}(U)W_{\sigma(k)}(x)\), converge to \(f\) in \(\mathcal{S}\). \par (4) In the sense of signs, if for each functions \(f\in \mathcal{S}\), we may find a sequence of signs \(\{\delta_k=\pm 1\}_k\), for which the series \(\sum_k\delta_kc_k(U)W_k(x)\) converge to \(f\) in \(\mathcal{S}\). In the paper, the author constructs a function \(U\in L^1[0,1]\), so that, after selecting appropriate signs \(\{\epsilon_k=\pm 1\}_k\), for its Fourier-Walsh coefficients \(\{c_k(U)\}_k\), we may reach the situation that the newly obtained series \(\sum_k\epsilon_kc_k(U)W_k(x)\) is universal in \(L^p[0,1]\), \(p\in(0,1)\) in the sense of permutation. Therefore, the central result of the paper is the following: \par Theorem 1.3: There exists a function \(U\in L^1[0,1]\), (\(Supp\ U\subset[0,\epsilon]\), \(0<\epsilon<1\) is an a priori prescribed number), with the Fourier-Walsh series with monotonically decreasing coefficients converging in the \(L^1[0,1]\) norm and everywhere in \((0,1)\), which has the following properties: \par (1) It is universal for the class \(M[0,1]\) with respect to the Walsh system in the quasi-usual sense. \par (2) For any \(p\in(0,1)\), the function \(U\) is universal for \(L^p[0,1]\) with respect to the Walsh system in the sense of signs. \par (3) We can find a sequence of signs \(\{\epsilon_k=\pm 1\}_k\), such that, the series \(\sum_k\epsilon_kc_k(U)W_k(x)\) is universal in \(L^p[0,1]\), \(p\in(0,1)\), in the sense of permutations.