Bilinear estimates in Besov spaces generated by the Dirichlet Laplacian (Q2227587)

The authors prove estimates for the product of functions in homogeneous and inhomogeneous Besov spaces. A typical result is that if \(0 < s < 2\), then \[ \| f g \|_{B^s_{p,q}(\mathcal{H})} \leq C \| f \| _{B^s_{p_1,q}(\mathcal{H})} \| g \|_{p_2} + \| f \|_{p_3} \| g\||_{B^s_{p_4,q}(\mathcal{H})} \] where \[ \frac{1}{p} = \frac{1}{p_1} + \frac{1}{p_2} + \frac{1}{p_3} + \frac{1}{p_4} \] and \(f \in B^s_{p_1, q} \cap L^{p_3}$, $g \in B^s_{p_2, q} \cap L^{p_4}\). There are three things to be noted about the result. The Besov spaces are defined by operator functions of \(\mathcal{H}\), where \(\mathcal{H}\) is the self-adjoint realization of the Laplacian. Their equivalence with the usual Besov spaces is not discussed in this paper. Second, the spaces are considered on open subsets of \(\mathbb R^n\). There were already results on \(\mathbb R^n\). Results are valid for domains \(\Omega\) such that \[ \| \nabla e^{-t \mathcal{H}} \|_{L^{\infty}(\Omega) \to L^{\infty}(\Omega) } \leq Ct^{-\frac12}, \] either for \( t \in (0,1]\) or for all $t>0\), where \(\{ e^{-t \mathcal{H}}\} \) is the semigroup generated by the operator \(\mathcal{H}\). The authors do not know if the \(2\) in the theorem is sharp, but do have examples of \(s \geq 2\) for which the result fails. They remark that the estimate on the semigroup holds if \(\Omega\) has a \(C^{2, \alpha}\) boundary. For any open set there is a \(p_0(\Omega)\) such that \[ \| \nabla e^{-t \mathcal{H}} \|_{L^p(\Omega) \to L^p(\Omega) } \leq Ct^{-\frac12}, \] holds for \(p \in [1, p_0]\), and therefore the product estimate will hold as long as \(1 \leq p, p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 \leq p_0\). For domains which are the exterior domain of a compact set with \(C^{1,1}\) boundary, they can take \(p_0(\Omega) = n\). By an extension of their methods, for any domain with a \(C^1\) boundary, the \(L^p\) mapping estimate holds for all \(p\) and the results hold for any \(1 \leq p, p_1, p_2, p_3, p_4 \leq \infty\). Finally for any bounded Lipschitz domain, \(p_0 = 3\), \(n \geq 3\), and \(p_0 = 4\), \(n = 2\). They conclude by giving some conditions on the potential in a Schrödinger equation under which the Besov space generated by the semigroup with Schrödinger's equation replacing the Laplacian nevertheless gives the same Besov space and therefore the product estimates will hold. The estimates are useful in the study of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear partial differential equations.