The image of polynomials on \(2\times 2\) upper triangular matrix algebras (Q2228124)

This deep and interesting paper provides a complete description of the image of polynomials with zero constant term on $2\times 2$ upper triangular matrix algebras over an algebraically closed field. The main result of the paper is the following: Theorem. Let $p(x_1,\dots, x_n)$ be a polynomial with zero constant term in noncommutative variables over an algebraically closed field $K$. Then one of the following statements holds: (i) $p(T_2(K)) = \{0\}$; (ii) $p(T_2(K)) = T_2(K)^{(0)}$; (iii) $p(T_2(K)) = T_2(K)\backslash\left\{\left( \begin{array}{cc} c & K^* \\ 0 & c \\ \end{array} \right) \|c\in S, \mbox{where}\ S\subseteq K\right\}$ is a dense subset of $T_2(K)$ (with respect to Zariski topology). If $\mathrm{char}(K) = 0$ or $\mathrm{char}(K) > d$, where $d$ is the degree of $p$, then $|S| < d$. The set $S$ is somehow described. This is the set of {\em strange points}. If $p$ is identity of $T_2$, then $p(T_2(K)) = \{0\}$, if $p$ is commutator polynomial, then $p(T_2(K))$ forms radical, if $P$ is not in ideals generated by commutator, then (iii) holds;