On functions continuous with respect to a density type strong generalized topology (Q2232107)

The following generalization of density topology is studied in the article. Let \(\mathcal{L}\) denote the family of all Lebesgue measurable subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\), let \(\mathcal{N}\) denote the ideal of null subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\), and let \(\lambda^\ast(A)\) denote the outer Lebesgue measure of a set \(A\subset\mathbb{R}\). A point \(x_0\in\mathbb{R}\) is called a \textit{point of outer density} of a set \(A\subset\mathbb{R}\) if \[\lim_{h\to 0^+}\frac{\lambda^\ast(A\cap [x_0- h,x_0+h])}{2h}=1.\] Let \(\Phi^\ast(A)\) denote the set of all points of outer density of a set \(A\), and let \[\tau^\ast_d:= \{ A\subset \mathbb{R}\colon A\subset\Phi^\ast(A)\}.\] The family \(\tau_d^\ast\) is not a topology, however it is a \textit{strong generalized topology} on \(\mathbb{R}\), i.e., \(\emptyset, \mathbb{R}\in\tau_d^\ast\) and \(\bigcup\mathcal{G}\subset\tau_d^\ast\) whenever \(\mathcal{G}\subset\tau^\ast_d\). Moreover, the density topology \(\tau_d\) is a proper subfamily of \(\tau^\ast_d\), see \textit{J. Hejduk} and \textit{A. Loranty} [Acta Math. Hung. 163, No. 1, 18--28 (2021; Zbl 1488.54005)]. In the first part of the reviewed article, functions between the spaces \((\mathbb{R}, \tau^\ast_d)\) and \((\mathbb{R},\tau_e)\) are considered, where \(\tau_e\) means the Euclidean topology on \(\mathbb{R}\). The properties of the classes of \(\tau_d^\ast\)-continuous functions and \(\tau_d\)-continuous functions are compared. The authors note that, unlike the \(\tau_d\)-continous functions, there are \(\tau^\ast_d\)-continuous functions that are neither Baire one nor Darboux. Next, they show that \(f\colon\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is \(\tau^\ast_d\)-continuous at a point \(x_0\) iff it is \(\tau^\ast_d\) \textit{approximately continuous} at \(x_0\), i.e., there is a set \(A\subset\mathbb{R}\) such that \(x_0\in\Phi^\ast_d(A)\) and \(\lim_{x\to x_0}f|_{A}(x)=f(x_0)\). They conclude from this fact that any function \(f\colon\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is \(\tau^\ast_d\)-continuous almost everywhere. The second part of the article examines separation axioms for the generalized topology \(\tau^\ast_d\). For this purpose, the following property is introduced. The pair \((\mathcal{L},\mathcal{N})\) has the \((\star)\) property if for any \(C\subset\mathbb{R}\) there are disjoint sets \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) such that \(C_1\cup C_2\subset C\) and \(C, C_1, C_2\) have a common measurable hull. The authors prove that if the pair \((\mathcal{L},\mathcal{N})\) has the \((\star)\) property, then the space \((\mathbb{R},\tau^\ast_d)\) is normal. Next, they prove that if the additivity of measure is equal to \(\mathfrak{c}\), then the pair \((\mathcal{L},\mathcal{N})\) has the \((\star)\) property. Reviewer's remark: The \((\star)\) property of the pair \((\mathcal{L},\mathcal{N})\) can be proved in ZFC by the following Sierpiński Theorem: ``Let \(Q\) be an infinite subset of \(\mathbb{R}\). Then \(Q\) contains an infinite number of disjoint subsets, each of which has the same outer Lebesgue measure as \(Q\)'', see \textit{W. Sierpiński} [Fundam. Math. 23, 125--134 (1934; Zbl 0010.01302)], or \textit{E. Grzegorek} and \textit{I. Labuda} [Arch. Math. 110, No. 6, 637--644 (2018; Zbl 1401.28002)].