On \((\beta,\gamma)\)-Chebyshev functions and points of the interval (Q2238042)

The authors study a generalization of Chebyshev polynomials and points (the zeros of the polynomials). The classical polynomials (of the first kind) are given by the usual definition \[T_n(x)=\cos{(n\arccos{x})},\ x\in\Omega=[-1,1];\ n\in\mathbb{N},\] and the zeros are \[\mathcal{T}_n=\left\{\cos{\left(\frac{(2j-1)\pi}{n}\right)}\right\}_{j=1,\ldots,n},\ n\in\mathbb{N},\] which are all real and inside \(\Omega\). The Lebesgue function of a set \(\mathcal{X}_n=\{x_0,\ldots,x_n\}\) of distinct points inside \(\Omega\) are defined using the Lagrange polynomials \[\ell_i(x)=\prod_{j=0,j\not= i}^n\,\frac{x-x_j}{x-x_i},\ i=0,\ldots,n,\ x\in\Omega,\] by \[\lambda(\mathcal{X}_n,,x)=\sum_{i=0}^n\,|\ell_i(x)|,\ x\in\Omega\] and the \textit{Lebesgue constant} is the maximum over \(\Omega\) \[\Lambda(\mathcal{X}_n,\Omega)=\,\max_{x\in\Omega}\,\lambda(\mathcal{X}_n;x).\] These notions are recalled, along with a historical overview of use in different fields of research, in the Introduction (\S1). This is followed by \S2 defining \((\beta,\gamma)\)-Chebyshev functions and related zeros (6 pages), giving results on their zeros. This section is split into two parts: one on the \textit{general case} and one on the \textit{polynomial case}. The general functions are defined as \[T_n^{\beta,\gamma}(x)=\cos{\left(\frac{2n}{2-\beta-\gamma}\left(\arccos{x}-\frac{\gamma\pi}{2}\right)\right)},\ x\in\Omega,\eqno{(1)}\] where \(\beta,\gamma\in [0,2),\beta+\gamma<2,n\in\mathbb{N}\). The zeros belong to \(\Omega_{\beta,\gamma}=[-\cos{(\beta\pi/2)},\cos{(\gamma\pi/2)}]\subseteq\Omega\) and are given by \[\mathcal{T}_n^{\beta,\gamma}=\left\{\cos{\left(\frac{(2-\beta-\gamma)(2j-1)\pi}{4n}+\frac{\gamma\pi}{2}\right)}\right\}_{j=1,\ldots,n}.\] The main result is: Theorem 1. The functions \(\{T_n^{\beta,\gamma}\}_{n=0,1,\ldots}\) are orthogonal on \(\Omega_{\beta\gamma}\) with resepect to the weight \[w^{\beta,\gamma}(x)=\frac{2}{(2-\beta-\gamma)\sqrt{1-x^2}},\ x\in\Omega_{\beta,\gamma}\] with \[\int_{\Omega_{\beta,\gamma}}\,T_r^{\beta,\gamma}(x)T_s^{\beta,\gamma}(x)w^{\beta\gamma}(x)dx= \begin{cases}0 &\hbox{if }r\not= s,\\ \pi &\hbox{if }r=s=0,\\ \frac{\pi}{2} & \hbox{if }r=s\not= 0.\end{cases}\] The section on the polynomial case analyzes the situation where the generalized function reduces to a polynomial. As a consequence of the definition (1), the case \(\beta=0,\gamma>0\) is obvious and the authors cover the cases: 1. \(\beta>0,\gamma=0\). \quad a) \(\beta=p/q\) with \(p,q\in\mathbb{N}_{>}\) and independent of \(n\) \quad\quad \(\beta=p/q\) with \(p=2q(m-1)/m\) i.e. \(\beta_m=2-\frac{2}{m}\) for a given \(m\in\mathbb{N}_{>1}\). \quad\quad Furthermore \(T_n^{\beta_m,0}(x)=T_{mn}(x)\) and \(w^{\beta_m,0}(x)=m/\sqrt{1-x^2},x\in\Omega_{\beta_m,0}\). \quad \(\beta\) depending linearly on \(n\). \quad\quad \(\beta_{m,n}=2-\frac{2n}{m},m\in\mathbb{N}_{>}\); furthermore \(T_n^{\beta_{m,n}}(x)=T_m(x)\). 2. \(\beta=0,\gamma=\beta\). \quad \(\beta=\gamma=\frac{\beta}{2}\). \quad\quad The results cover the cases \(n\in 4\mathbb{N}_{>0},\,n\in2\mathbb{N}_{0}\setminus 4\mathbb{N}_{>0},\ n\hbox{ odd}\) and \(m>1\hbox{ with }n<m\). 3. \(\beta=1-p_1/q_1,\gamma=1-p_2/q_2,;p_1,p_2\in\mathbb{N}, q_1,q_2\in\mathbb{N}_{>}\). \quad\quad Condition for polynomiality: \((p_1q_2+p_2q_1)m=2q_1q_2n,\ m\in\mathbb{N}_{>}\). The remaining part of the paper covers: \S3. The \((\beta,\gamma)\)-Chebyshev (Lobatto) points are mapped equispaced points \S4. Lebesgue constants for \((\beta,\gamma)\)-CL nodes 5. Conclusions References (\(39\) items). A very interesting and nicely written paper.