A bound for a typical differential dimension of systems of linear differential equations (Q2246869)

The \emph{differential dimension polynomial}, sometimes referred to as the \emph{Kolchin polynomial}, is an important object of study in differential algebra. It was introduced by [\textit{E.~R.~Kolchin}, Differential Algebra \& Algebraic Groups. New York-London: Academic Press (1973; Zbl 0264.12102)] and can be seen as the differential analogue of the Hilbert polynomial in commutative algebra. The focus of the paper under review lies on estimating the typical differential dimension of a system of linear partial differential equations, which corresponds to bounding the leading coefficient of the system's Kolchin polynomial. Let \( F \) be a differential field of characteristic zero with \( m \) commuting derivations \( \Delta = \{\partial_1, \ldots, \partial_m \} \) and consider a system of linear partial differential equations given by a set \( \Sigma \subset F\{y_1, \ldots, y_n\} \) of linear differential polynomials. Denote by \( \omega_{[\Sigma]} \) the Kolchin polynomial of the differential ideal \( [\Sigma] \subset F\{y_1, \ldots, y_n\} \), where \( \omega_{[\Sigma]} \) is defined in terms of filtered \( D \)-modules in the paper (cf.\,[\textit{M.~V.~Kondratieva} et~al., Differential and Difference Dimension Polynomials. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (1999; Zbl 0930.12005)] for additional details). The numerical polynomial \( \omega_{[\Sigma]} \) contains important invariants of the system, such as the degree \( d = \mathrm{deg}(\omega_{[\Sigma]}) \) (called the \emph{differential type} of \( [\Sigma] \)) and the leading coefficient \( a_d = \mathrm{lc}(\omega_{[\Sigma]}) \), which is known as the \emph{typical differential dimension} of \( [\Sigma] \). As the degree of \( \omega_{[\Sigma]} \) is bounded by \( m \), the difference \( m - d \) is referred to as the \emph{codimension} of \( [\Sigma] \). The main contribution of the paper lies in improved bounds for the typical differential dimension of a system of linear partial differential equations in codimension~2. Namely, if the elements of the system \( \Sigma \) are bounded by \( \mathrm{ord}_{y_i}(f) \leq e_i \in \mathbb{N}_0 \) for all \( f \in \Sigma \) and \( 1 \leq i \leq n \), then the author shows that \[ a_{m - 2} \leq 2^{2(m + 1)}(e_1 + \cdots + e_n)^2. \] This result improves upon the bound in [\textit{D.~Grigoriev}, J.~Complexity~21, No.~4, 532--542 (2005; Zbl 1080.32010)]. Furthermore, Example~3 of the reviewed paper suggests that a bound for the typical differential dimension \( a_{m - 2} \) (codimension~2) must be at least \[ \sum_{i_1 + \cdots + i_n = 2} e_1^{i_1} \cdots e_n^{i_n}, \] although it is currently not known whether this is an upper bound.