Renormalization and forcing of horseshoe orbits (Q2250138)

Following \textit{P. Boyland} [ibid. 58, No. 3, 223--298 (1994; Zbl 0810.54031)], given two periodic orbits \(P\) and \(R\) we use the notation \(P\geq_2 R\) to denote that every homeomorphism of the disk \(D^2\) containing the braid type of \(P\) must contain the braid type of \(R\). On the other hand, let \(F:D^2\rightarrow D^2\) be the Smale horseshoe and let \(\Omega\) be its \(F\)-invariant set. We know that \(F|_{\Omega}\) is conjugated to the shift \(\sigma\) on the sequence space \(\Sigma_2=\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{Z}}\) of symbols \(0\) and \(1\). We can define a total order, called the unimodal order \(\geq_1\), in \(\Sigma^+=\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}\) as follows: \(s=(s_0,s_1,\dots) \geq_1 t=(t_0,t_1,\dots)\) if either \(s=t\) or \(s>t\) (that is, \(s_j=t_j\) for \(j\leq k\), \(s_{k+1}\neq t_{k+1}\), and either \(\sum_{0\leq j\leq k}s_j\) is even and \(s_{k+1}>t_{k+1}\) or the above sum is odd and we reverse the inequality). Then, to each \(n\)-periodic orbit \(P\in\Omega\) of \(F\) we associate a certain code \(c_P\in\Sigma_2,\) and we say that \(P\geq_1 R\) whenever \(\sigma^m(R)\leq _1 c_P\) for all \(m\geq 1\). Finally, it is possible to construct a set \(\mathrm{NBT}\) of periodic orbits in \(\Omega\) (the description is too involved to be detailed here) with the property that the Boyland order \(\geq_2\) restricted to it is equal to the unimodal order; see [\textit{T. Hall}, Nonlinearity 7, No. 3, 861--924 (1994; Zbl 0806.58015)]. Now, the author proves the existence of a set \(\mathcal{R}\supset \mathrm{NBT}\) of renormalizable horseshoe orbits (its orbits can be expressed as a convenient product -- by the renormalization operator -- of two horseshoe periodic orbits) such that the Boyland order is again equal to the unimodal order.