Littlewood-Paley theory for subharmonic functions on the unit ball in \(\mathbb R^N\) (Q2252084)

In his abstract, the author starts as follows: ``Let \(B\) denote the unit ball in \(\mathbb{R}^N\) with boundary \(S\). For a non-negative \(C^2\) subharmonic function \(f\) on \(B\) and \(\zeta\in S\), we define the Lusin square area integral \(S_\alpha(\zeta,f)\) by \[ S_\alpha(\zeta,f)=\left[\int_{\Gamma_\alpha(\zeta)}(1-|x|)^{2-N}\Delta f^2(x)dx\right]^\frac{1}{2}, \] where for \(\alpha >1\), \(\Gamma_\alpha(\zeta)=\{x\in B : |x-\zeta|<\alpha(1-|x|)\}\) is the non-tangential approach region at \(\zeta\in S\), and \(\Delta\) is the Laplacian in \(\mathbb{R}^N\). In the paper we will prove the following. \textit{Let \(f\) be a non-negative subharmonic function such that \(f^{p_o}\) is subharmonic for some \(p_o>0\). If \[ \|f\|_p^p=\sup_{0<r<1} \int_S f^p(r\zeta)d\sigma(\zeta)<\infty \] for some \(p>p_o\), then for every \(\alpha >1\), \(\|S_\alpha(\cdot,f)\|_p\leq A_{\alpha,p}\|f\|_p\) for some constant \(A_{\alpha,p}\) independent of \(f\).} The above result includes the known results for harmonic or holomorphic functions in the Hardy \(H^p\) spaces, as well as for a system \(F=(u_1,\ldots,u_N)\) of conjugate harmonic functions for which it is known that \(|F|^p=(\sum u_j^2)^{p/2}\) is subharmonic for \(p\geq (N-2)/(N-1)\), \(N>3\).'' Moreover, the author recalls the function \(g^*\) of Littlewood and Paley and introduces a function \(g_\lambda^*\) for \(\lambda >1\) as follows: \[ g^*(\zeta,f)=\left[\int_B(1-|y|)\Delta f^2(y)P(y,\zeta)dy\right]^\frac{1}{2}, \] \[ g_\lambda^*(\zeta,f)=\left[\int_B(1-|y|)\Delta f^2(y)K_\lambda(y,\zeta)dy\right]^\frac{1}{2}, \] where \[ K_\lambda( y,\zeta)=\frac{(1-|y|)^{(\lambda-1)(N-1)}}{|y-\zeta|^{\lambda(N-1)}}\,, \] and \(P\) is the Poisson kernel for the unit ball. For a non-negative \(C^2\) subharmonic function \(f\) the author proves that for \(p\geq 2\) and \(\lambda\geq N/(N-1)\), \[ \int_S[g_\lambda^*(\zeta,f)]^pd\sigma(\zeta)\leq\int_S[g^*(\zeta,f)]^pd\sigma(\zeta)\leq C_\alpha\int_S S_\alpha^p (\zeta,f)d\sigma(\zeta)\,, \] where \(C_\alpha\) is a constant. From this and the (main) result stated above it follows that \[ \int_S[g_\lambda^*(\zeta,f)]^pd\sigma(\zeta)\leq A_{\alpha,p}\sup_{0<r<1}\int_Sf^p(r\zeta)d\sigma(\zeta)\,. \] Later on, this inequality is extended to the case \(1<p<2\), \(\lambda >3-p\). Here, if \(\lambda=N/(N-1)\), it is seen that (for \(p>(2N-3)/(N-1)\)) the same inequality holds for the function \(g^*\), because \(K_\lambda\) essentially becomes the Poisson kernel. In the last section of the paper, the author considers the reverse of the inequality stated in the quoted part above. Here, he proves that for a harmonic function \(f\) on the unit ball and \(1<p<\infty\) it holds that \[ \|f\|_p\leq |f(0)|+ C_{N,\alpha}\|S_\alpha(\cdot,f)\|_p\,. \] Finally, he proves that the same inequality holds for non-negative \(C^2\) subharmonic functions \(f\) in the case \(p\geq 2\), if \(\Delta f^2\) is quasi-nearly subharmonic (non-negative locally integrable function \(h\) on a domain \(\Omega\) is called quasi-nearly subharmonic, if there is a constant \(C\) such that for every ball \(B(x,r)\subset\Omega\), \(h(x)\leq\frac{C} {r^N}\int_{B(x,r)}h(y)dy\)). The case \(1<p<2\) remains open.