On the equivalence relations of \(\alpha\)-continued fractions (Q2252944)

For a real number \(x\) and \(\alpha\in (0,1)\) let us define \([x]\) the maximum integer which is not larger then \(x\). Set \([x]_\alpha =[x+1-\alpha ]\). Define \(T_\alpha(x)= \frac 1{| x|}-[ \frac 1{| x|}]_\alpha\) if \(x\not= 0\) and \(T_\alpha(x)=0\) if \(x=0\). For an irrational number \(x\in (0,1)\) and \(\alpha\in [0,1)\) let us define \(\hat{z}=\hat{z}_{\alpha}=z\) if \(z\in[0,\alpha)\) and \(\hat{z}=\hat{z}_{\alpha}=z-1\) otherwise. Two real numbers \(x, y\in [0,1)\) are said to be \(\alpha\)-equivalent (denoted by \(x\sim_\alpha y\)) if there exist positive integers \(m\) and \(n\) such that \(T_\alpha ^n(\hat{x})=T_\alpha ^m(\hat{y})\). Two real numbers \(x, y\in [0,1)\) are said to be \(\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)\)-equivalent (denoted by \(x\sim_G y\)) or \(\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)\)-equivalent (denoted by \(x\sim_S y\)) if there exist \(2\times 2\) matrix \((a_{i,j})\in GL(2,\mathbb Z)\) or \(\in \mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)\) such that \(\frac {a_{1,1}x+a_{1,2}}{a_{2,1}x+a_{2,2}}=y\), respectively. Set \({\mathcal R}_{\alpha}(x)=\{ z\in (0,1);z\sim_\alpha x\} \), \({\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)=\{ z\in (0,1);z\sim_G x\}\) and \({\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)=\{ z\in (0,1);z\sim_S x\}\). A quadratic irrational number \(x\) is strictly periodic if there exists positive integer \(m\) such that \(T^m(x)=x\). The authors prove that for every \(x\in (0,1)\) with bounded non-eventualy periodic simple continued fraction expansion we have \(\bigcap_{0<\beta\leq 1}\bigcup_{\gamma <\beta}{\mathcal R}_{\gamma}(x)={\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)\) and there exists \(\alpha_0\in (0,1)\) such that \({\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)\not\subset{\mathcal R}_{\alpha}(x)\not={\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)\) for every \(\alpha <\alpha_0\). If \(x\in (0,1)\) has unbounded simple continued fraction expansion then for every \(\alpha\in (0,1]\) we have \({\mathcal R}_{\alpha}(x)={\mathcal R}_{\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)}(x)\). If \(x\) is strictly periodic quadratic irrational number then for even period and any \(\alpha\) with \(0<\alpha\leq \min\{T^n(x);n\geq 0\}\) we have \(T(x)\notin{\mathcal R}_{\alpha}(x)\) and for odd period and any \(\alpha\) with \(0\leq\alpha\leq 1\) we have \(T ^j(x)\in{\mathcal R}_{\alpha}(x)\) for any \(j\geq 0\).