Painlevé equations, elliptic integrals and elementary functions (Q2254018)

The authors focus mainly on the non-integrability of the six Painlevé equations \(P_J\) \[ \, \ddot{x}=R(\dot{x}, x, t)\,. \, \] In particular, they give a new direct proof of the non-integrability of the Painlevé equations as Hamiltonian systems (presented in new forms) by algebraic first integrals except for the special cases of \(P_{III}\) and \(P_V\). The authors also establish non-existence of first integrals of the original Painlevé equations in terms of elementary functions of \(x, dx/dt\) and \(t\). Their approach is a combination of the Liouville's theory of elementary functions and some properties of elliptic integrals applied to the variational equations with respect to the small parameter of the extended Hamiltonian equations. In addition, the authors extend the groups of Bäcklund transformations of Painlevé equations to the groups of symplectic transformations of the canonical coordinates in \(\mathbb C^4\).