Cohomological structure in soliton equations and Jacobian varieties (Q2266180)

The geometric structures of the orbits of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation are studied. It is proved that any orbit of the dynamical system defined by the total KP hierarchy is locally isomorphic to a certain cohomology group \(H^ 1(A)\) defined by a commutative algebra A. Algebra A is an essentially commutative algebra consisting of mutually commuting linear ordinary differential operators. A classification of all the orbits of KP hierarchy in terms of these commutative algebras is given. The KP dynamical system restricted to each orbit determines a dynamical system of linear motions on it with respect to the linear structure on the cohomology group. It is proved that an orbit is finite dimensional if and only if it is essentially a Jacobian variety of an algebraic curve. With the use of this result the problem of characterization of Jacobians varieties among Abelian varieties (Schottky problem) is solved. Namely, an Abelian variety is a Jacobian variety if and only if it can be an orbit of the KP dynamical system or equivalently, an Abelian variety is a Jacobian variety if and only if its Riemann theta function solves the total hierarchy of the KP equations. It is shown that the cohomology group constructed also describes the family of all possible infinitesimal isospectral deformations of a given linear ordinary differential operator.