The dynamics of a class of cooperative systems (Q2268676)

In this paper, the authors characterize the dynamics of the parabolic model \[ \begin{cases} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\Delta u=\lambda u+\alpha v-a(x) f(x,u) u&\text{in }\Omega \times (0,\infty),\\ \frac{\partial v}{\partial t}-\Delta v=\beta u+\lambda v&\text{in }\Omega \times (0,\infty),\\ (u,v) =(0,0) &\text{on }\partial \Omega \times (0,\infty),\\ (u(\cdot ,0) ,v(\cdot ,0) ) =(u_0,v_0) >(0,0) &\text{in }\Omega \end{cases}\tag{1} \] where \(\Omega \) is a bounded domain of \(\mathbb{R}^N\), \(N\geq 1\), with boundary \(\partial \Omega \) of class \(C^{2+\upsilon}\), \(a\in C^\upsilon (\overline{\Omega}) \) satisfy \( a(x)\geq 0\) for every \(x\in \overline{\Omega},\Delta \) is the Laplace operator in \(\mathbb{R}^N,\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), \(\alpha >0\) and \(\beta >0\) are regarded as real continuation parameters, and \(f\in C^{\nu ,1+\nu }(\overline{\Omega}\times [0,\infty))\) satisfies \(f(x,0)=0\), \(\partial_uf(x,u)>0\), \(\forall (x,u)\in \overline{\Omega}\times (0,\infty)\), and \(\lim_{u\rightarrow \infty }f(x,u) =\infty \) uniformly in \(x\in \overline{\Omega }\). Throughout the paper, the authors impose the following structural assumption on the domain \(\Omega \) and on the weight function \(a(x)\): {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(A)] \(\partial \Omega \) consist of two components \(\Gamma _1\) and \( \Gamma _2,\) as does \(\partial \Omega _{+}\), where \(\Omega _{+}:=\{x\in \Omega :a(x) >0\}\). Moreover, \(\Gamma _2\) provides one of the components of de boundary of \(\Omega _{+}\), while the other, denoted by \( \Gamma _3\), lies within \(\Omega \) and it is also \(C^{2+\upsilon }\). Also \( a(x) >0\) for all \(x\in \Gamma _2\). \end{itemize}} Alternatively, instead of (A), the authors impose some of the following conditions: (B) \(a=0\) in \(\Omega\), in which case (1) becomes a linear parabolic problem; (C) \(a(x) >0\) for every \(x\in \overline{\Omega };\) (D) \(\overline{\Omega }_{+}\subset \Omega \). The paper is organized in 6 Sections. Section 2 collects some available results that are going to be used throughout the paper. Section 3 discusses some important properties of the spectral bound \[ \Sigma (\lambda ) :=\sup_{w\in P}\inf_{\Omega \backslash \overline{\Omega }_{+}}\frac{(-\Delta -\lambda ) w}{(-\Delta -\lambda ) ^{-1}w}, \qquad P:=\left\{ w\in C_0^2(\overline{ \Omega }:w\gg 0) \right\}. \] Section 4 characterizes the existence of coexistence states in the cases (A) and (C). Section 5 ascertains the limiting behavior of the coexistence states as \(\gamma :=\alpha \beta \) approximates \( (\sigma _1-\lambda ) ^2\), and \(\Sigma (\lambda)\), where \(\sigma _1\) is the principal eigenvalue of \(-\Delta \) in \(\Omega\). In Section 6, the authors prove the main result of the paper, concerning the dynamics of (1).