On a problem of Călugăreanu, Chekhlov and Krylov regarding pure endomorphic images of abelian groups (Q2285744)

In [J. Group Theory 21, No. 5, 885--900 (2018; Zbl 1437.20048)], \textit{M. Lanza de Cristoforis} and \textit{P. Musolino} posed the following problem: Problem 3. Describe the groups \(G\) in which all pure subgroups which are endomorphic images are direct summands of \(G\). Groups with this property, i.e. the pure endomorphic images are summands, are said (for short) to have the ``PEIS-property''. In the paper mentioned above, it was only noted that the finite rank torsion-free homogeneous completely decomposable groups, as well as the reduced algebraically compact groups have the PEIS-property. In this paper, the author deeply develops the study of the (abelian groups) with the PEIS-property. Among many others, the following results are proved. Theorem 2.4. Let \(\mathcal{P}\) be the collection of primes. If \(T=\bigoplus T_{p}\) is torsion, then \(T\) has the PEIS-property if and only if, for each \(p\in \mathcal{P}\), \(T_{p}\cong B_{p}\oplus D_{p}\), where \(B_{p}\) is bounded and \(D_{p}\) is divisible. Theorem 2.7. Suppose we have an algebraically compact group \(G\) \(\cong \prod\limits_{p\in \mathcal{P}}A_{p}\oplus \left(\bigoplus\limits_{p\in \mathcal{P}}D_{p}\right) \oplus D\) where \(D\) is torsion-free divisible, \(D_{p}\) is a divisible \(p\)-group and \(A_{p}\) is \(p\)-local and reduced with torsion \(T_{p}\). Then \(G\) has the PEIS-property if and only if, for each \(p\in \mathcal{P}\), if \(T_{p}\) is unbounded, then \(D_{p}=0\) and \(\left\vert D\right\vert \) \(<c\) (where \(c\) denotes the continuum). Theorem 3.5. Suppose \(I\) is a set and, for each \(i\in I\), \(\mathbb{Q}_{i}\subseteq \) \(\mathbb{Q}\) has type \(\tau _{i}\) . Then the following are equivalent. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] The completely decomposable group \(G=\bigoplus\limits_{i\in I}\) \(\mathbb{Q}_{i}\mathbf{e}_{i}\) has the PEIS-property. \item[(b)] The vector group \(H=\prod\limits_{i\in I}\mathbb{Q}_{i}\mathbf{e}_{i}\) has the PEIS-property. \item[(c)] The following two conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] for all \(i,j\in I\), if \(\tau _{i}<\tau _{j}\), then \(\mathbb{Q}_{j}=\mathbb{Q}\); \item[(2)] for each \(i\in I\), if \(\mathbb{Q}_{i}\neq \) \(\mathbb{Q}\), then \([i]=\{j\in I:\tau _{j}=\tau _{i}\}\) is finite. \end{itemize} \end{itemize} The PEIS-property is essentially not ring-theoretic, for instance in the torsion-free case. In other words, if \(G\) and \(H\) are torsion-free groups with isomorphic endomorphism rings, and \(H\) has the PEIS-property, \(G\) may not have the PEIS-property. Example 3.9. There are quasi-equal torsion-free groups \(G\) and \(H\) of rank 4 such that \(\mathrm{End}(G)=\mathrm{End}(H)\), for which \(G\) does not have the PEIS-property, but \(H\) does. A result from the above paper is (improved and) generalized as Theorem 3.11. Suppose \(G\) is a finite rank torsion-free group with inner type \(\tau \) and \(A\subseteq G\) is a pure subgroup. Then \(A\) has a \(\tau\)-completely decomposable kernel if and only if \(A\) has a \(\tau \)-completely decomposable complementary summand, i.e., \(G=A\oplus B\), where \(B\) is \(\tau \)-completely decomposable. Examples are constructed that show a complete solution to the general problem is likely to be quite difficult.