Dynamics for a non-autonomous predator-prey system with generalist predator (Q2304282)

In this paper the dynamics of the following nonautonomous predator-prey model with Holling type II functional response is studied: \begin{align*} \dot{x}_1(t)&=x_1(t)\left[r_1(t)\left(1-\frac{x_1(t)}{K_1(t)}\right)- \frac{a(t)x_2(t)}{1+h(t)a(t)x_1(t)}\right],\\ \dot{x}_2(t)&=x_2(t)\left[r_2(t)\left(1-\frac{x_2(t)}{K_2(t)}\right)- d(t)+ \frac{e(t)a(t)x_1(t)}{1+h(t)a(t)x_1(t)}\right],\\ \end{align*} where \(x_1(t)\) and \(x_2(t)\) represent the population densities of prey and predator at time \(t\), respectively; the functions \(r_1\) and \(r_2\) represent the corresponding intrinsic growth-rates in the absence of the other species; \(K_1\) and \(K_2\) act as carrying capacities; \(d\) stands for the death rate of the predator; \(a\) denotes the capturing efficiency of the predator, and \(h\) represents the predator's handling time. All these functions are assumed to be continuous on \(\mathbb{R}\) and bounded from above. Furthermore, the functions \(r_1\), \(r_2\), \(K_1\) and \(K_2\) are uniformly positive, while the rest of the parameters are only required to remain nonnegative throughout. First the authors provide sufficient criteria for boundedness, positive invariance of the positive orthant, permanence, extinction, and global attractivity. The second part of the paper focuses on the case of \(\omega\)-periodic parameters. Sufficient conditions are established for the existence of positive periodic solutions and under additional assumptions such a solution is shown to be unique and globally attractive. The proofs are carried out using differential inequalities, Brouwer's fixed point theorem, coincidence degree theory and Lyapunov functions. The obtained results and illustrated by several numerical examples and simulations.