Gorenstein-projective and semi-Gorenstein-projective modules (Q2305964)

Let \(A\) be an Artin algebra. Recall that a finitely generated left \(A\)-module \(M\) is \emph{Gorenstein-projective}, provided that the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize} \item[(G1)] \(\mathrm{Ext}^i_A(M, A)=0\) for \(i\geq 1\); \item[(G2)] its \(A\)-dual \(M^*=\mathrm{Hom}_A(M, A)\) satisfies \(\mathrm{Ext}_{A^{\mathrm{op}}}(M^*, A)=0\); here, we recall that \(M^*\) has a natural right \(A\)-module structure, and is viewed as a left module over the opposite algebra \(A^{\mathrm{op}}\); \item[(G3)] the module \(M\) is reflexive, that is, the evaluation map \(M\rightarrow M^{**}\) is an isomorphism. \end{itemize} The study of Gorenstein-projective modules goes back to [\textit{M. Auslander}, ``Anneaux de Gorenstein et torsion en algébre commutative'', in: Sèminaire d'algébre commutative dirigé par P. Samuel (1966--1967), tome 1. Paris: Secrétariat Mathématique. 2--69 (1967)]. These modules play an important role in modern representation theory of Artin algebras. We mention that, if the algebra \(A\) is Gorenstein, then any module \(M\) satisfying \((G1)\) is Gorenstein-projective. The authors propose the following new terminologies: a finitely generated left \(A\)-module \(M\) is \emph{semi-Gorenstein-projective}, provided that it satisfies \((G1)\); an Artin algebra \(A\) is \emph{left weakly Gorenstein}, provided that any left semi-Gorenstein-projective \(A\)-module is Gorenstein-projective. Certainly, Gorenstein algebras are left weakly Gorenstein. It is proved that if there are only finitely many isomorphism classes of indecomposable left \(A\)-modules which are both semi-Gorenstein-projective and torsionless, then \(A\) is left weakly Gorenstein; see Subsection~1.3. It is an interesting open question whether a left weakly Gorenstein algebra is right weakly Gorenstein. Indeed, this question is closely related to the famous Gorenstein Symmetry Conjecture. Consult Section~9 for more open questions. It is a natural question asked in [\textit{L. L. Avramov} and \textit{A. Martsinkovsky}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 85, No. 2, 393--440 (2002; Zbl 1047.16002)] whether the above three defining conditions of Gorenstein-projective modules are independent. There are known examples where semi-Gorenstein-projective modules are not Gorenstein-projective; see [\textit{D. A. Jorgensen} and \textit{L. M. Şega}, Algebr. Represent. Theory 9, No. 2, 217--226 (2006; Zbl 1101.13021)] and [\textit{R. Marczinzik}, ``On stable modules that are not Gorenstein projective'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1709.01132}]. In the present paper, the authors study an explicit family of \(6\)-dimensional algebras \(\Lambda(q)\), over which there are explicit \(3\)-dimensional modules showing that the above conditions are actually independent; see Subsection~1.7. Moreover, the authors introduce a new combinatorial tool, the \(\mho\)-quiver, to study semi-Gorentein-projective modules and related modules. The paper is very well written, which should be read by everyone who seriously studies Gorenstein-projective modules over Artin algebras.