Structural stability of matrix pencils and matrix pairs under contragredient equivalence (Q2306669)

Let \(\mathcal{M}_{0}\) be a class of pairs of complex matrices and \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\) be a group of transformations of \(\mathcal{M}_{0}\) onto itself. Then \((A,B)\in\mathcal{M}_{0}\) is called structurally stable if there exists a neighourhood of \((A,B)\) in \(\mathcal{M}_{0}\) such that each \((A_{1},B_{1})\) in this neighbourhood is \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\)-equivalent to \((A,B)\). The authors prove two theorems. Fix positive integers \(m\) and \(n\). In the first theorem \(\mathcal{M}_{0}\) consists of all pairs \((A,B)\ \)of \(m\times n\) matrices and \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\) consists of all mappings of the form \((A,B)\longmapsto(S^{-1}AR,S^{-1}BR)\) where \(S\) and \(R\) are invertible matrices. By a classical theorem of Kronecker each \((A,B)\) is \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\)-equivalent to a direct sum of pairs of the form \((I_{r},J_{r}(\lambda)),(J_{r}(0),I_{r}),(L_{r},R_{r}),(L_{r}^{T},R_{r}^{T})\), where \(I_{r}\) is the identity matrix, \(J_{r}(\lambda)\) is the Jordan block with eigenvalue \(\lambda\), and \(L_{r}\) and \(R_{r}\) are the \((r-1)\times r\) matrices obtained by adjoining a column of zeros to \(I_{r-1}\) (on the left and right, respectively). Theorem 1. In this situation \((A,B)\) is structually stable if and only if the Kronecker form of \((A,B)\) or \((A^{T},B^{T})\) consists of \(p\) copies of \((L_{r},R_{r})\) and \(q\) copies of \((L_{r+1},R_{r+1})\) with \(p\geq1\) and \(q\geq0\). Theorem 2. Suppose that \(\mathcal{M}_{0}\) consists of all pairs \((A,B)\) where \(A\) is \(m\times n\) and \(B\) is \(n\times m\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\) consists of all mappings of the form \((A,B)\longmapsto(S^{-1}AR,R^{-1}BS)\) (contragredient equivalences). Then every \((A,B)\in \mathcal{M}_{0}\) is structurally unstable.