Synchronization of Kuramoto oscillators with time-delayed interactions and phase lag effect (Q2306694)

The synchronization in Kuramoto system with delayed interactions \[ \dot \theta_l(t)=\omega_l +\frac{K}{N} \sum_{k=1}^N \sin\left(\theta_k(t-\tau_{kl})-\theta_l(t)+\gamma_{kl})\right) \] is studied. The model with delays in the variable \(\theta_l(t)\) is also considered. More specifically, sufficient conditions for stable complete frequency and phase synchronization are given. The frequency synchronization is determined by the asymptotic condition \(|\dot\theta_i(t)-\dot\theta_j(t)|\to 0\) as \(t\to\infty\), and the phase synchronization by \((\theta_i(t)-\theta_j(t))\ \mathrm{mod} \ 2\pi\to 0\). The results show that the Kuramoto model with small variation of time-delays and/or phase lag \(\gamma_{kl}\) still exhibits the frequency synchronization. Although this message follows from general perturbative arguments, the paper presents estimates for possible size of the perturbations.