Introducing Minkowski normality (Q2308845)

In the present article, Minkowski normality being one of the types of normality for regular continued fraction expansions, is introduced. Minkowski normality for continued fractions is defined and some properties of the set of Minkowski normal numbers are described. The main goal of this paper is to construct some types of Minkowski normal numbers and to give a number theoretic description. The ordering \[ \frac{1}{2},~~~~~\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3},~~~~~\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4},\frac{2}{5},\frac{3}{5},~~~~\frac{1}{5},\dots \] of rationals obtained from the Kepler tree is used for giving a concrete construction of an infinite continued fraction whose digits are distributed according to the Minkowski question mark measure. The Kepler tree is ``a specific binary tree that orders the rationals in the unit interval''. The authors note that for the proof of normality, it is shown that there is a correspondence between binary codes and rationals in the Kepler tree. Moreover, it is shown that to determine the distribution of the sequence of digits representing the constructed number, one can use the dyadic Champernowne number. In addition, generalised Champernowne numbers are used for extending normality of the constructed number to more general cases. Let us remark that the authors note the following: ``we provide a generalised construction based on the underlying structure of the Kepler tree, which shows that any construction that concatenates the continued fraction expansions of all rationals, ordered so that the sum of the digits of the continued fraction expansion are non-decreasing, results in a number that is Minkowski normal''. This paper contains several brief surveys. Their topics include the following items: -- Normality of numbers represented in terms of \(b\)-ary expansions. -- Normality of numbers for the case of continued fractions. -- Normal numbers with respect to an ergodic invariant measure that is not either Lebesgue measure or at least an absolutely continuous measure. Several auxiliary results including some properties related with the Minkowski function or the asymptotic frequency, are proved for certain types of numbers.