Bivariate polynomial injections and elliptic curves (Q2310818)

Let \(E\) be an elliptic curve defined over \(\mathbb{C}\) and let \(K(E)\) be the associated function field containing the coordinate functions denoted by \(x\) and \(y\). A rational function \(P\in K(E)\) is called \textit{strongly uniqueness function on \(E\)} if for any non constant holomorphic maps \(f_1,f_2:\mathbb{C}\rightarrow E\) and for any \(c\in \mathbb{C}^*\) the equality \(P(f_1)=cP(f_2)\) implies \(f_1=f_2\) (and \(c=1\)). With the goal of finding injective maps \(E(k)\times E(k)\rightarrow k\) for some number field \(k\), the author provides a class of strong uniqueness functions on \(E\) given by \(P=\alpha x+\beta y\in K(E)\) with \(\alpha\beta\in \mathbb{C}^*\). Let \(V\subseteq E\) be the regular locus of \(P\in K(E)\) and consider the induced maps \(P_V: V(k)\rightarrow k\) and \(P_V\times P_V: V(k)\times V(k)\rightarrow k\times k\) (where \(k\) is a number field). The points in which \(P_V\) is not injective are represented by couples \((\cdot,\cdot)\) which lie in the counterimage via \(P_V\times P_V\) of the diagonal of \(k\times k\) but not in the diagonal of \(V(k)\times V(k)\). The first part of the paper uses Faltings' theorem on rational points of curves of genus at least 2 on (roughly speaking) \((P_V\times P_V)^{-1}(\text{Diag}(k\times k))-\text{Diag}(V(k)\times V(k))\), to prove that, for a strong uniqueness function \(P\), the map \(P_V\) is injective outside finitely many points. Then the author uses this (and again Faltings' theorem) to provide maps \(f: U(k)\times U(k)\rightarrow k\) of the form \[ f(Q_1,Q_2)=P^n(Q_1)+\gamma P^n(Q_2)=(\alpha x_1+\beta y_1)^n+\gamma(\alpha x_2+\beta y_2)^n \] (where \(U\subset E\) is an open dense subset such that \(P_V\) is injective on \(U\)), which are injective outside finitely many points.