On the average number of 2-Selmer elements of elliptic curves over \(\mathbb F_q(X)\) with two marked points (Q2315127)

Let \(X\) a smooth projective curve over \(\mathbb F_q\), \(K:=\mathbb{F}_{q}(X)\) its function field and \(E\) a \(K\)-elliptic curve. Understanding the structure of the finitely generated group \(E(K)\) is the central topic in the study of the arithmetic of \(E\). Via the exact sequence \[0\rightarrow E(K)/nE(K)\rightarrow \mathrm{Sel}_n(E)\rightarrow (E,K)[n]\rightarrow 0,\] one can try and study the \(E(K)\) via the more manageable \(n\)-Selmer group \[\mathrm{Sel}_n(E):=\mathrm{Ker}\big (H^1(K,E[n])\rightarrow \prod_v H^1(K_v,E)\big ).\] Since \(\mathrm{Sel}_n(E)\) might be quite complicated to understand in general, one often try to study it in average inside a given family. To be able to do this one needs to order elliptic curves in a family. Let \(p_E:\mathcal E\rightarrow X\) relatively minimal regular model of \(E/K\) and let \(\mathcal L_E\) the line bundle \((R^1p_E\mathcal O_\mathcal E)^{\otimes-1}\) on \(X\). Since there are only finitely many elliptic curves over \(K\) such that \(\mathrm{Deg}(\mathcal L_E)\) is bounded and only finitely many line bundles of bounded degree on \(X\), one can order elliptic curves using it. For every line bundle \(\mathcal L\) on \(X\), consider the finite set \(\mathcal X_\mathcal L\) of triples \((E,P,Q)\) where \(E\) is an elliptic curve over \(K\) such that \(\mathcal L_E\simeq \mathcal L^{\otimes 2}\) (satisfying some technical conditions) and \(P,Q\) are two distinct non-trivial rational points (satisfying some technical conditions). The main result of the paper (Theorem 1.1) is that, if \(char(k)>19\) then \[ \lim_{\mathrm{Deg}(\mathcal L)\to \infty}\sum_{(E,P,Q)\in \mathcal X_{\mathcal L}} \frac{\vert\mathrm{Sel}_2(E)\vert \times \vert\mathrm{Aut}(E,P,Q)\vert^{-1}\times \vert E(K)[2]\vert^{-1}}{\vert \mathcal X_{\mathcal L}\vert} =12.\quad (1)\] To prove (1), the author defines in (5.11) an ``invariant'' map \[\mathrm{inv}:\mathrm{Sel}_2(E)\rightarrow G(K)\backslash G(\mathbb A_K)/\prod_v G(\mathcal O_{K_v}),\] (where \(G:=(\mathrm{SO}_4 \times \mathrm{SO}_4)/\delta(\mu_2)\), with \(\mathrm{SO}_4\) the split special orthogonal group over \(\mathbb F_q\) and \(\mu_2\) its centre). Then (1) follows from a sort of equidistribution result (Theorem 1.3) for the image of \(\mathrm{inv}\) in \(G(K)\backslash G(\mathbb A_K)/\prod G(\mathcal O_{K_v})\) as \(\mathrm{Deg}(\mathcal L_E)\to \infty\).