Gaps in lattices of (para)topological group topologies and cardinal functions (Q2315301)

Let \(\mathcal{PG}(G)\) and \(\mathcal{G}(G)\) denote the family of paratopological group topologies and the family of topological group topologies on a~group~\(G\), respectively. Given a~subfamily \(\mathcal{S}\subseteq\mathcal{PG}(G)\) and topologies \(\tau\subsetneq\sigma\) from~\(\mathcal{S}\), it is said that \(\{\tau,\sigma\}\) is a~gap in~\(\mathcal{S}\) if no element \(\lambda\in\mathcal{S}\) satisfies \(\tau\subsetneq\lambda\subsetneq\sigma\). In this case \(\tau\)~is called a~predecessor of~\(\sigma\) and \(\sigma\)~is a~successor of~\(\tau\) in~\(\mathcal{S}\). For example, minimal and \(T_i\)-minimal (para)topological group topologies on a~group~\(G\) for \(i=0\), \(1\), \(2\) can be considered as special cases of such gaps. The authors study gaps in families of topological and paratopological group topologies on abelian groups. They show that several natural constructions of (para)topological abelian groups produce gaps. They present Hausdorff topologies \(\sigma_2\) and \(\sigma_3\) on~\(\mathbb{Z}\) such that \(\sigma_2\vee\sigma_3\) is the discrete topology and \(\sigma_2\wedge\sigma_3\) is the anti-discrete topology. Note that \(\tau_u\)~denotes the usual interval topology on~\(\mathbb{R}\). The authors construct Hausdorff paratopological group topologies \(\tau_*\) and \(\tau^*\) such that \(\tau_*\subsetneq\tau_u\subsetneq\tau^*\) and the pairs \(\{\tau_*,\tau_u\}\) and \(\{\tau_u,\tau^*\}\) are gaps in \(\mathcal{PG}(\mathbb{R})\). They prove that if \(\sigma\)~is a~predecessor of~\(\tau_u\) in~\(\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{R})\) (resp., in~\(\mathcal{PG}(\mathbb{R})\)), then \(\sigma{\restriction}\mathbb{Z}\) is a~maximal nondiscrete topological (resp., paratopological) group topology on~\(\mathbb{Z}\). Moreover, every predecessor of \(\tau_u\) in~\(\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{R})\) and in~\(\mathcal{PG}(\mathbb{R})\) is Hausdorff. The authors find some dependencies for common topological properties and cardinal invariants (weight, density, network weight, and the character) of topologies that constitute a~gap and they present a~number of open problems.