Quasi-Nash varieties and Schwartz functions on them (Q2317691)

This paper is a successor to \textit{B. Elazar} and \textit{A. Shaviv} [Can. J. Math. 70, No. 5, 1008--1037 (2018; Zbl 1445.14078)] in which the authors succeeded to extend the famous class of Schwartz functions on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) to real algebraic varieties which might have singularities; it also uses many results from \textit{A. Aizenbud} and \textit{D. Gourevitch} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2008, Article ID rnm155, 37 p. (2008; Zbl 1161.58002)] which was among the first to study more deeply Schwartz functions on Nash manifolds. In the current paper the categories of Nash varieties and real algebraic varieties are put under the umbrella of a new category, called Quasi-Nash of which the former are subcategories. After a very careful outline of context and main results, given in Section 1, Section 2 presents the technical preliminaries of the study. Here semialgebraic subsets are defined (with a subtle logical error), the concept of complete variety, the algebraic Alexandrov compactification of noncomplete varieties, various results on Fréchet spaces and versions of the open mapping theorem and the Hahn Banach theorem for such spaces are recounted. As background or complementary literature here serve the well known books by \textit{F. Trèves} [Topological vector spaces, distributions and kernels. New York-London: Academic Press (1967; Zbl 0171.10402)] and \textit{J. Bochnak} et al. [Real algebraic geometry. Transl. from the French. Rev. and updated ed. Berlin: Springer (1998; Zbl 0912.14023)], as well as the paper by Aizenbud and Gourevitch [loc. cit.]. The author often works with restricted topological spaces. These deviate from the usual concept by requiring of the family of `open' sets only that it is closed with respect to finite unions. Continuity is defined as usual. Among the central notions are these: an \( \mathbb{R}\)-space is a pair \((M,\mathcal O_M)\) consisting of a restricted topological space \(M\) and a sheaf \(\mathcal O_M\) of \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebras over \(M\) which is a subsheaf of the the \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra of all continuous functions on \(M.\) A continous map \(\varphi: (M,\mathcal O_M)\rightarrow (N,\mathcal O_N) \) is a morphism of \(\mathbb{R}-\)spaces if for any open set \(U\subset N\) and any \(f\in \mathcal O_N(U)\) there holds \((f\circ \varphi)|_{\varphi^{-1}(U)} \in \mathcal O_M(\varphi^{-1}(U)).\) A Nash submanifold of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) is simply a semialgebraic subset of \( \mathbb{R}^n\) which is a smooth submanifold; a Nash function on \(M\) is a smooth semialgebraic function; an affine Nash manifold is an \( \mathbb{R}\)-space which is isomorphic to the \( \mathbb{R}\)-space associated to a closed Nash submanifold; and a Nash manifold itself is an \(\mathbb{R}\)-space \((M,\mathcal N_M)\) where \(M\) admits a finite open cover \(\{M_i\}_{i=1}^n\) so that every \( \mathbb{R}\)-space \((M_i, \mathcal N_{M_i})\) is an affine Nash manifold. Bochnak et. al. [loc. cit.] contains not all of these concepts or not in this form. The same is true of the concept of a Nash differential operator \(D\) on an affine Nash manifold which is an element of the algebra with 1 generated by multiplication and derivations along Nash sections of the tangent bundle. The space of Schwartz functions on such an \(M\) is \(\mathcal S(M)=\{\phi\in C^\infty (M): D\phi \text{ is bounded for any Nash differential operator }\}. \) The norm used is defined by \(||\phi||_D:=\sup_{x\in M} |D\phi(x)|.\) A function \(t:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is tempered if it is smooth and all its derivatives are polynomially bounded. Tempered functions on \(M\) are naturally defined, then, via closed embeddings \(i:M\hookrightarrow \mathbb{R}^n.\) Section 3, titled `Geometry', defines gradually the new category: Just as before happened with the concept of a Nash manifold, the concept of a `Quasi Nash variety' is also defined by a tower of notions. First the Naive Quasi Nash (NQN) category is defined: its objects are the locally closed semialgebraic subsets of \(\mathbb{R}^n;\) and if \(X\subset \mathbb{R}^n,\) \(Y\subset \mathbb{R}^m\) are such sets, then \(\varphi: X \rightarrow Y\) is a morphism in the category if there exists an open set \(U\supset X\) and a Nash map \(g: U\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) such that \(g_{|X}=\varphi.\) Next an affine Quasi Nash (QN) variety is an \(\mathbb{R}\)-space which is isomorphic to an \(\mathbb{R}\)-space obtained from appropriate `sheafificaction' of some closed NQN set. At that point the author can prove already his Lemma 3.6: Affine Nash manifolds and affine real algebraic varieties form a subcategories of affine QN-varieties; the former subcategory is full; but not so the latter. Finally a QN-variety is an \(\mathbb{R}\)-space \((X,QN_X)\) so that \(X\) is a restricted topological space which admits a finite open cover \(\{X_i\}_{i=1}^m\) so that the \(\mathbb{R}\)-spaces \((X_i, QN_{X|X_i})\) are affine QN varieties. Section 4, titled `Schwartz functions, tempered functions and distributions' , consists of three subsections aptly dubbed Schwartz functions on, respectively, Naive Quasi Nash sets (4.1); Affine Quasi Nash varieties (4.2); and Quasi Nash Varieties (4.3). This happens in parallelism with the gradual ascent to this general concept made in section 3. What concerns Section 4.1, if \(X\) is a NQN set and \(U\supset X\) open, let \(I_{\mathrm{Sch}}^U(X)\) be the ideal of Schwartz functions on \(U\) that vanish on \(X.\) Since, as shown in Corollary 4.1.1, the quotient \(\mathcal S(U)/ I_{\mathrm{Sch}}^U(X)\) does not depend on \(U,\) one can define \(\mathcal S(X)\) as being this quotient. It is also a Fréchet space. If \(X_1\stackrel{\varphi}{\rightarrow} X_2\) is an NQN isomorphism then the pullback \(\mathcal S(X_2) \stackrel{\varphi*|\mathcal S(X_2)}{\rightarrow} \mathcal S(X_1)\) is an isomorphism of Fréchet spaces. Like a few other theorems this result occurs (formulated for Schwartz functions on (general) Quasi Nash varieties) again in Section 4.3 as Lemma 4.3.5 and is one of the main results of the paper. In 4.2 first the concept of Schwartz function is extended for the case that \(X\) is an affine QN variety: \(s\) is a Schwartz function on \(X\) if it is a pullback from the closed NQN set corresponding to \(X.\) Another concept for laying down the other main result is defined: Let \(X\) be an affine QN variety corresponding to the closed set \(\tilde X\subset \mathbb{R}^n .\) Then a real valued function \(f\) defined on \(\tilde X\) is flat at \(\tilde p\) if there exists an open neighbourhood \(U\) of \(\tilde p\) and an analytic function \(F\) such that \(f|_{U\cap \tilde X}= F|_{U\cap \tilde X}\) and the Taylor series of \(F\) around \(\tilde p\) is identically zero. For \(X\) an affine QN variety the space of continuous linear functionals is called the space of tempered distributions, denoted \(\mathcal S^* (X).\) Section 4.3: Let \(\text{Func}(X,R)\) denote the set of real valued functions on a set \(X.\) Let \(X\) be a (general) QN variety with a finite open affine QN cover \(X=\bigcup_{i=1}^m X_i.\) The natural map \(\psi: \bigoplus_{i=1}^m \text{Func}(X_i,R) \rightarrow \text{Func}(X,R)\) is used to define the Schwartz functions on \(X\) as \(\mathcal S(X)= \psi \left( \bigoplus_{i=1}^m \mathcal S(X_i) \right).\) It is shown via an isomorphism that this definition is good (not dependent on the cover) and \(\mathcal S(X)\) again Fréchet space. The notion of flatness is duely adapted and after further work the second main result is obtained. Theorem 4.3.15: Let \(X\) be a QN variety and \(Z\subset X\) a closed subset. Let \(U=X\setminus Z\) and \(W_Z:=\{\phi\in \mathcal S(X): \phi \text{ is flat on (the points of)} Z\}.\) Then \(W_Z\) is a closed subspace of \(\mathcal S(X)\) and hence Fréchet. One has a Fréchet space isomorphism \(W_Z\cong \mathcal S(U)\) which is given by the extension by zero from \(U\) to \(X,\) and its inverse, the restriction from \(X\) to \(U.\) Th 4.3.17: Under similar conditions the extension defines a closed embedding \(\mathcal S(U)\hookrightarrow S(X)\) and the restriction morphism \(\mathcal S^*(X) \rightarrow \mathcal S^*(U)\) is onto. Concerning sections 5 and 6, it is proved that tempered functions and tempered distributions form sheaves and that Schwartz functions define a cosheaf. Further a characterization of Schwartz sections on open subsets for vector bundless are given. The proofs are said to be largely as in Elazar and Shaviv [loc. cit.] and Aizenbud and Gourevitch [loc. cit] with adjustments. An appendix prepares the reader with some definitions and facts to adapt a partition of unity theorem found again in Aizenbud and Gourevitch to the current case. The author makes a very honest attempt to make his topic accessible and by and large seems very careful with his definitions. The towers of notions building one upon the other make it nevertheless demanding reading for non-specialists.