On the eventual stability of asymptotically autonomous systems with constraints (Q2321117)

In this paper, the authors make use of classical ODE techniques to analyze the asymptotic stability of a non-autonomous quasi-linear DAE (without using this terminology) \[ \dot{x}=f(t,x), \:\: g(t,x)=0 \] in the case when both \(f\) and \(g\) have limits as \(t\rightarrow +\infty\) such that the associated autonomous system \[\dot{x}=f(x), \:\: g(x)=0\] makes sense. The goal is to give a criterion for solutions of the non-autonomous system to converge to the solutions of the autonomous system, and about the stability or instability near an equilibrium of the autonomous system. In Section 2, after centering to an equilibrium \(\theta=0\), a constant linear operator \(A\) is defined using the kernel of \(Dg(0)\): the spectrum decides whether \(0\) is stable (the real parts of all the eigenvalues are \(<0\)) or not (one eigenvalue has real part \(>0\)). This is a classical local study. The interesting results are related to the stability: the authors find a criterion for asymptotic stability [an analytical condition of uniform convergence for \(f\) and \(g\) (C1), while \(g\) being a submersion at \(0\) (C2): Theorem 3.4 asserts that upon these conditions, when \(\theta\) is eventually asymptotically stable for the autonomous system, this is valid for the non-autonomous one also. In Theorem 4.2, claimed to be original, the authors show that upon (C1,2), an asymptotic hyperbolic equilibrium of the autonomous system is the limit of at least one solution \(\gamma\) of the non-autonomous system, but this solution is eventually unstable; this means that there are initial conditions as close as possible to the graph of \(\gamma\), which yield a divergent solution by the non-autonomous flow. This paper is technical though written well; this is a review of classical methods for dynamical systems: stable manifold, linearization, flow, Gronwall lemma application, fixed point theorem. The illustrating example, a kind of Lorenz system, is the \textit{extreme ideology model}, which could become a classic. Curiously, no paper on DAEs study is cited, and few of the Spanish school on ODE classification.