Stability of standing waves for a nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with delta potentials (Q2327427)

The authors study the Cauchy problem for a singularly perturbed one-dimensional nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation: \[ \begin{cases} &u_{tt} - u_{xx} + m^2 u -|u|^{p-1}u = 0,\qquad x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\},\qquad t\in\mathbb{R}, \\ &u(t,+0)=u(-0),\qquad u'(t,+0)-u'(t,-0)=\gamma u(t,0) + i\alpha u_t(t,0), \\ &(u(t),\partial_t u(t))|_{t = 0} = (u_0,u_1),\qquad u(t,x)\to0\quad\text{as}\quad|x|\to\infty. \end{cases}\tag{1} \] The first result of the paper states that this problem is locally well-posed and for arbitrary \((u_0,u_1)\in \mathcal{H}:=H^1(\mathbb{R})\times L_2(\mathbb{R})\) the solution belongs to \(C([0,T_0],\mathcal{H})\), where \(T_0\) is some time determined by the initial condition. Certain properties of the dependence of \(T_0\) on \(U_0\) are established. The second series of results concerns the orbital stability of the standing waves; the latter are defined as non-trivial solutions of form \(e^{i\omega t}\varphi_\omega(x)\) to problem (1). Such solutions exist provided \[ m^2-\omega^2>\frac{(\gamma-\alpha\omega)^2}{4}\tag{2} \] and they are given by explicit formula \[ \varphi_{\omega}(x)= \left[\frac{(p+1)(m^2-\omega^2)}{2}\mathrm{sech}^2\, \left(\frac{(p-1)\sqrt{m^2-\omega^2}}{2}|x|+\tanh^{-1} \left(-\frac{\gamma-\alpha\omega}{2\sqrt{m^2-\omega^2}}\right)\right)\right]^{\frac{1}{p-1}}. \] Denote \(\Phi_\omega:=(\varphi_\omega,i\omega\varphi_\omega)\) and \(\mathcal{H}_{rad}\) is the subspace in \(\mathcal{H}\) of radial functions. Here the main results are as follows. Let \(p=3\) and \(m>0\). \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] Suppose that \(\alpha=0\), \(|\gamma|< 2m\) and \(|\omega| \leq \omega_\gamma\). Let \[ \tilde \omega_\gamma = \sqrt{ \frac {16m^2 - \gamma^2 + \gamma \sqrt{\gamma^2 + 32m^2}}{32}} = m \sqrt{\frac 12 + \frac {\gamma}{\sqrt{\gamma^2 + 32m^2} + \gamma}}. \] \begin{itemize} \item For \(\gamma<0\), \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally stable if \(|\omega| > \tilde \omega_\gamma\) and orbitally unstable if \(|\omega| < \tilde \omega_\gamma\). \item For \(\gamma > 0\), \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is linearly unstable if \(|\omega| > \tilde \omega_\gamma\) and orbitally unstable on \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathrm{rad}}\) if \(|\omega| < \tilde \omega_\gamma\). \end{itemize} \item[(ii)] Suppose that \(\gamma=0\) and \(|\alpha|< 2\sqrt{\sqrt{5}-2}\). We set \[ \omega_\alpha^\pm = \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{1\mp\frac{|\kappa|}{\sqrt{4+\kappa^2}}}, \quad \text{where} \quad \kappa = \frac 1 4 \left(\frac{\alpha^3}{2}+6\alpha\right). \] Suppose \(\alpha < 0\). \begin{itemize} \item If \(\omega \in (-\omega_\alpha,-\omega_\alpha^-)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally stable. \item If \(\omega \in (-\omega_\alpha^-,0)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally unstable. \item If \(\omega \in (0,\omega_\alpha^+)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally unstable on \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathrm{rad}}\). \item If \(\omega \in (\omega_\alpha^+ , \omega_\alpha)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is linearly unstable. \end{itemize} Suppose \(\alpha > 0\). \begin{itemize} \item If \(\omega \in (-\omega_\alpha,-\omega_\alpha^+)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is linearly unstable. \item If \(\omega \in (-\omega_\alpha^+,0)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally unstable on \(\mathcal{H}_\mathrm{rad}\). \item If \(\omega \in (0,\omega_\alpha^-)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally unstable. \item If \(\omega \in (\omega_\alpha^- , \omega_\alpha)\) then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally stable. \end{itemize} \end{itemize} Let \(p=3\) and consider \(\omega\in (-m,m)\), \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\gamma\in\mathbb{R}\) satisfying (2). \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] Suppose \(\gamma-\alpha\omega<0\). Then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is orbitally stable if \(\gamma<\tilde{\gamma}\) and orbitally unstable if \(\gamma>\tilde{\gamma}\). \item[(ii)] Suppose \(\gamma-\alpha\omega>0\). Then \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_\omega\) is linearly unstable if \(\gamma<\tilde{\gamma}\) and orbitally unstable in \(\mathcal{H}_{\mathrm{rad}}\) if \(\gamma>\tilde{\gamma}\). \end{itemize} Let \(1<p<5\) and \(m=1\). \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] Let \(\alpha, \gamma>0\). If \(\frac{\alpha\gamma}{4+\alpha^2}<1\) and \(1<\frac{\gamma^2}{4+\alpha^2}+\frac{2\gamma}{\alpha(4+\alpha^2)}\sqrt{4+\alpha^2-\gamma^2}\), then there exists \(\omega\) satisfying (2) and \[ \omega\in \left(\frac{\alpha\gamma}{4+\alpha^2},\frac{\alpha}{\gamma} \right) \cap \left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{p-1},1\right). \] For such \(\omega\), the standing wave \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_{\omega}\) is orbitally stable. \\ If \(\alpha\gamma<2\sqrt{4+\alpha^2-\gamma^2}\), then there exists \(\omega\) satisfying (2) and \[ \omega \in \left(-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{p-1},0 \right). \] For such \(\omega\), \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_{\omega}\) is orbitally unstable. \item[(ii)] Let \(\alpha, \gamma<0\). If \(1<\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}\), then there exists \(\omega\in\mathbb{R}\) satisfying (2) and \[ \omega\in \left( \frac{\alpha}{\gamma}, \frac{\alpha\gamma}{4+\alpha^2}\right) \cap \left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{p-1},1\right). \] For such \(\omega\), \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_{\omega}\) is orbitally stable. \\ If \(\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}<\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{p-1}\), then there exists \(\omega\in\mathbb{R}\) satisfying (2) and \[ \omega\in\left(0,\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{p-1}\right) \cap\left(\frac{\alpha\gamma}{4+\alpha^2},\frac{\alpha}{\gamma}\right). \] For such \(\omega\), \(e^{i\omega t}\Phi_{\omega}\) is orbitally unstable. \end{itemize}