Schramm's formula and the Green's function for multiple SLE (Q2328686)

The authors construct martingale observables for systems of multiple Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) curves and establish explicit expressions for Green's function and Schramm's formula in the case of two curves growing to infinity. The \(\kappa\)-dependent Loewner equation \[ \partial_tg_t(z)=\frac{a}{g_t(z)-\xi_t},\quad g_0(z)=z,\quad t\geq0,\quad a=\frac{2}{\kappa}>0, \] where \(\xi_t\) is the continuous driving term, generates the Loewner chain \((\xi_t)_{t\geq0}\) in the upper half-plane \(\mathbb H=\{z\in\mathbb C:\text{Im}\,z>0\}\). The \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}\) chain appears when \(\xi_t\) is a standard Brownian motion. Let \((\xi^1,\xi^2)\in\mathbb R^2\), \(\xi^1<\xi^2\), and suppose that \((\xi_t^1)_{t\geq0}\) is Brownian motion started from \(\xi^1\) under the measure \(\mathbf{P}\). The authors recall the notion of the \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}(\rho)\) measure \(\mathbf{P}^{\rho}\), \(\rho\in\mathbb R\), which is defined by weighting \(\mathbf{P}\) by the martingale \(M^{(\rho)}\), and write the driving term of \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}(\rho)\). For \(\alpha=8/\kappa\), \(z=x+iy\) and \(\xi>0\), denote \[ \mathcal M(z,\xi)=y^{\alpha-2}(z(z-\xi))^{-\alpha/2}(\overline z(\overline z-\xi))^{1-\alpha/2} \] \[ \times\int_{\overline z}^z(u-z)^{\alpha}(u-\overline z)^{\alpha-2}(u(u-\xi))^{-\alpha/2}du, \] where the integration contour passes to the right of \(\xi\). The following theorem presents Schramm's formula for \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}(2)\). Theorem 2.1: Let \(0<\kappa\leq4\). For \(\alpha=8/\kappa\) and \(\xi>0\), consider \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}(2)\) started from \((0,\xi)\). Then the probability \(P(z,\xi)\) that a given point \(z=x+iy\in\mathbb H\) lies to the left of the curve is given by \[ P(z,\xi)=\frac{\Gamma(\alpha/2)^2\Gamma(\alpha)}{2\pi^{3/2}\Gamma((\alpha-1)/2)\Gamma(3\alpha/2-1)}\int_x^{\infty}\text{Re}\,\mathcal M(x'+iy,\xi)dx'. \] The second main result provides an explicit expression for Green's function. For \(\alpha=8/\kappa\), \(z\in\mathbb H\) and \(-\infty<\xi^1<\xi^2<\infty\), define \[I(z,\xi^1,\xi^2)=\int_A^{(z+,\xi^2+,z-,\xi^2-)}((u-z)(u-\overline z))^{\alpha-1}((u-\xi^1)(\xi^2-u))^{-\alpha/2}du,\] where \(A=(z+\xi^2)/2\) and the integral is taken along the Pochhammer integration contour. Theorem 2.6 proves that Green's function for \(\text{SLE}_{\kappa}(2)\), \(0<\kappa\leq4\), \(\alpha=8/\kappa\in(1,\infty)\setminus\mathbb Z\), \(z=x+iy\in\mathbb H\), \(\xi^1<\xi^2\), is given by \[\mathcal G(z,\xi^1,\xi^2)=\frac{1}{c}y^{\alpha+1/\alpha-2}(|z-\xi^1||z-\xi^2|)^{1-\alpha}\text{Im}(e^{-i\pi\alpha}I(z,\xi^1,\xi^2))\] with a constant \(c=c(\kappa)\) expressed explicitly. For \(\alpha>1\), this function is extended by continuity. Theorem 2.6 allows to write Green's function for a system of multiple \(\text{SLE}\)s started from \((-\xi,\xi)\) and to obtain fusion formulas by letting \(\xi\to0+\).