On Lagrangian embeddings of closed nonorientable 3-manifolds (Q2330946)

If \((Y,\xi)\) is a contact manifold, then a map \(f:\Lambda\to Y\) so that \(df(T\Lambda)\subseteq\xi\), where \(\Lambda\) is a smooth \(n\)-manifold, is called a Legendrian embedding. If \((Y,\alpha)\) is a coorientable contact manifold with its symplectization \(\mathbb{R}\times Y\) equipped with the symplectic structure \(d(e^t\alpha)\), where \(t\) is the coordinate of \(\mathbb{R}\), and \(\Lambda_+\) and \(\Lambda_-\) are two Legendrian submanifolds of \((Y,\alpha)\), then a properly embedded Lagrangian submanifold \(L\) in the symplectization \(\mathbb{R}\times Y\) satisfying \(L\cap(-\infty,t_-]\times Y=(-\infty,t_-]\times\Lambda_-\) and \(L\cap[t_+,\infty)\times Y=[t_+,\infty)\times\Lambda_+\) for real constants \(t_-\) and \(t_+\) with \(t_- < t_+\) is said to be a Lagrangian cobordism from \(\Lambda_-\) to \(\Lambda_+\). A Lagrangian cobordism is called exact if the Lagrangian submanifold \(L\) is exact, i.e., the 1-form \(e^t\alpha_{|L}\) is exact. A Lagrangian cobordism is called a Lagrangian cap if \(\Lambda_+=\varnothing\) and a Lagrangian filling if \(\Lambda_-=\varnothing\), respectively. If \(L_0\) is a Lagrangian cobordism from \(\{t_0\}\times\Lambda_0\) to \(\{t_1\}\times\Lambda_1\) and \(L_1\) a Lagrangian cobordism from \(\{t_1\}\times\Lambda_1\) to \(\{t_2\}\times\Lambda_2\), then a Lagrangian cobordism defined by the union \(L_0\cup L_1\) from \(\{t_0\}\times\Lambda_0\) to \(\{t_2\}\times\Lambda_2\) is called a concatenation of \(L_0\) and \(L_1\) along \(\{t_1\}\times\Lambda_1\). There is a significant interest in the existence of Lagrangian embeddings. In [NATO Sci. Ser. II, Math. Phys. Chem. 217, 231--276 (2006; Zbl 1089.53064)], \textit{K. Fukaya} presented a partial classification of Lagrangian submanifolds and proved that a closed orientable connected prime 3-manifold \(L\) admits a Lagrangian embedding into \(\mathbb{R}^6_{\mathrm{std}}\) if and only if there exists a nonnegative integer \(g\) such that \(L\) is diffeomorphic to the product \(S^1\times\Sigma_g\), where \(\Sigma_g\) is the closed orientable connected surface of genus \(g\). In [Geom. Funct. Anal. 23, No. 6, 1772--1803 (2013; Zbl 1283.53074)], \textit{T. Ekholm} et al. showed that for a closed orientable connected 3-manifold \(L\) there exists an exact Lagrangian embedding of the connected sum \(L\#(S^1\times S^2)\) into the standard symplectic 6-space \(\mathbb R^6_{\mathrm{std}}\) with exactly one transverse double point, and, as a consequence, a Lagrangian embedding \(S^1 \times S^2 \to \mathbb R^6_{\mathrm{st}}\) with vanishing Maslov class. In this paper, the author studies the existence problem of a Lagrangian embedding into the standard symplectic space \(\mathbb{R}^6_{\mathrm{std}}=\left(\mathbb{R}^6,\sum\limits^3_{j=1}dx_j\wedge dy_j\right)\). If \(g\) is a nonnegative integer, \(N_{2g}\) is the closed nonorientable connected surface of Euler characteristic \(-2g\), \(D^2_N\) is an embedded closed 2-disk in the Klein bottle \(N_0\), and there is an identification of the compact surface \(N_0\backslash\mathrm{Int} D^2_N\) with the compact surface obtained by the orientation-reversing \(0\)-surgery on the unit closed 2-disk \(D^2\), then this identification induces a diffeomorphism \(\partial(S^1\times(N_0\backslash\mathrm{Int}D^2_N))\to\partial(S^1\times D^2)\) between 2-tori. If \(M\) is a closed orientable connected 3-manifold and \(T\subset M\) is an embedded 2-torus bounding a solid torus with a parametrization \(S^1\times D^2\), then \(M_T=(M\backslash\mathrm{Int}(S^1\times D^2))\cup(S^1\times(N_0\backslash\mathrm{Int}D^2_N))\) is the closed nonorientable connected 3-manifold concatenated along their boundaries by the above diffeomorphism. The main result of the paper states that if \(M\) is a closed orientable connected 3-manifold and \(T\subset M\) is an embedded 2-torus bounding a solid torus with a parametrization \(S^1\times D^2\), then there exists a Lagrangian embedding \(M_T\to\mathbb{R}^6_{\mathrm{st}}\) of minimal Maslov number 1. In particular, for a closed orientable connected 3-manifold \(L\) and a nonnegative integer \(g\), there exists a Lagrangian embedding \(L\#(S^1\times N_{2g})\to\mathbb{R}^6_{\mathrm{st}}\) of minimal Maslov number 1. There is a universal fixed model Legendrian \(\Lambda_\ell\subseteq{B}^{2n+1}_\mathrm{std}\), called a loose chart, where \(\Lambda\) is diffeomorphic to a properly embedded disk, and \({B}^{2n+1}_\mathrm{std}\subseteq(\mathbb{R}^{2n+1},\xi_\mathrm{std})\) is the open unit ball and \(\xi_\mathrm{std}=\ker\left(dz-\sum\limits^n_{i=1}y_idx_i\right)\). Then a connected Legendrian submanifold \(\Lambda\subseteq(Y,\xi)\) is said to be loose if there is an open set \(U\subseteq Y\)so that the pair \((U,U\cap\Lambda)\) is contactomorphic to the pair \(({B}^{2n+1}_\mathrm{std},\Lambda_\ell)\). The second result of this paper presents a construction of a Lagrangian filling of a loose Legendrian 2-torus and shows that a loose Legendrian 2-torus of vanishing Maslov class in the standard contact space \(\mathbb{R}^5_{\mathrm{st}}\) admits a Lagrangian filling \(S^1\times(N_0\backslash\mathrm{Int} D^2_N)\) of minimal Maslov number 1.