Linearization of automorphisms and triangulation of derivations of free algebras of rank 2 (Q2331125)

Let $\mathcal{M} \langle G \rangle$ be the free algebra from a variety $\mathcal{M}$ with set of generators $G$. The variety $\mathcal{M}$ is called $\circ$-variety if and only if for any nonzero $h \in \mathcal{M} \langle x, y \rangle$ and for any nonzero $f \in \mathcal{M} \langle x \rangle$ we have $\deg(f(h)) = \deg(f) \cdot \deg(h)$, where $\deg$ is the usual degree of the polynomials $f$ and $h$. There are many famous varieties which are $\circ$-varieties (i.e., all algebras, commutative associative algebras, commutative algebras, associative algebras, Poisson algebras, etc). In the present paper, the authors prove that the variety of right-symmetric algebras also is an example of $\circ$-varieties (Proposition 1). The main part of the paper is devoted to the study of the tame automorphism group of some two-generated free algebras from $\circ$-varieties. The problem of the description of tame and wild automorphisms of two-generated free algebras has a very big history. In many varieties of algebras, it was proven that all automorphisms of two-generated free algebra are tame (i.e., for associative commutative [\textit{H. W. E. Jung}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 184, 161--174 (1942; Zbl 0027.08503)]; for associative [\textit{L. G. Makar-Limanov}, Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 4, No. 3, 107--108 (1970; Zbl 0218.13006); \textit{A. J. Czerniakiewicz}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 160, 393--401 (1971; Zbl 0227.16001)]; for right-symmetric [\textit{D. Kozybaev} et al., Asian-Eur. J. Math. 1, No. 2, 243--254 (2008; Zbl 1168.17002)]; for Poisson [\textit{L. Makar-Limanov} et al., J. Algebra 322, No. 9, 3318--3330 (2009; Zbl 1233.17016)], etc). On the other hand, an example of a wild automorphism of the two-generated free Leibniz algebra was constructed by \textit{A. T. Abdykhalykov} et al. in [Commun. Algebra 29, No. 7, 2953--2960 (2001; Zbl 0978.17001)]. The main result of the paper is the following: The tame automorphism group of $\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle$ of any $\circ$-variety of algebras over a field admits an amalgamated free product structure. Namely, the authors prove in Theorem 1 that the tame automorphism group of $\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle$ is equal to $Af_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle) *_C \mathrm{Tr}_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle)$, where \begin{itemize} \item[$\bullet$] $Af_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle)$ is the group of affine automorphisms of the algebra $\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle$ defined by all automorphisms of the following type $(a_1x + b_1y + c_1, a_2x + b_2y + c_2)$, where $a_1b_2 \neq a_2b_1;$ \item[$\bullet$] $\mathrm{Tr}_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle)$ is the group of triangular automorphisms of the algebra $\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle$ defined by all automorphisms of the following type $(ax + f(y), by + c)$, where $0 \neq a, f(y) \in \mathcal{M}\langle y \rangle;$ \item[$\bullet$] $C= Af_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle) \cap \mathrm{Tr}_2(\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle)$. \end{itemize} The second part of the paper is dedicated to some applications of Theorem 1. Using this structure, the authors prove that any locally finite group of automorphisms of $\mathcal{M}\langle x,y \rangle$ is conjugate to a subgroup of affine or triangular automorphisms (Theorem 2). This implies that any reductive group of automorphisms of a two-generated free right-symmetric algebra is linearizable and any locally nilpotent derivation of this algebra is triangulable over a field of characteristic zero. All of these results are true for free commutative and free non-associative algebras of rank two.