Longtime closeness estimates for bounded and unbounded solutions of non-recurrent Duffing equations with polynomial potentials (Q2331552)

The following Littlewood problem for a second-order differential equation is considered to study its dynamics, in other words, to obtain longtime closeness results on the bounded and unbounded solutions of this equation by using the theory of non-periodic twist mappings: \[ \ddot{x}+x^{2n+1}+q(t)x^{1}=p(t), \;\; l< n. \] In this equation, the functions \(p(t),q(t)\in C_{b}^{6}(\mathbb{R})\) do not need to be periodic and \(l\) is a non-negative integer. In the introduction, a detailed literature review about related works done on that kind of equations is presented. It is stated that the most important related references here are the work of \textit{M. Kunze} and \textit{R. Ortega} [Lect. Notes Math. 2065, 265--300 (2013; Zbl 1326.37032)] and some other sources cited in this papers. In that study, Kunze and Ortega used the non-periodic twist mappings theory, they investigated the following equation: \[ \ddot{x}+|x|^{\alpha-1}x=p(t), \] where \(\alpha\geq 3\) and \(p(t)\) is non-periodic and bounded. They concluded that, for any unbounded solution of this equation in the \((x,\ddot{x})\)-phase plane, there exists a bounded solution in the phase plane such that the action of the unbounded solution stays close to the action of the bounded solution in a sufficient long time if \(p(t)\in C_{b}^{6}(\mathbb{R})\). Here, the following energy function is defined: \[ E(t,x)\triangleq\frac{1}{2}\ddot{x}(t)^{2}(t)+\frac{1}{2n+2}x(t)^{2n+2} \] by a solution \(x=x(t)\) of the considered equation. First, the main result is given by a theorem. Later, in the remaining of this paper, the given theorem is proven and it is organized as follows. In Section 2, the action-angle variables by a symplectic diffeomorphism are introduced and a new action variable, a new angle variable and a new time variable by solving an equation implicitly are obtained. Then the role of the time variable and the angle variable is changed. In Section 3, a function class \(\mathcal{F}_{\delta,\mu}\) is defined and the regularity estimate of the terms \(R\), \(\partial_{\tau}H\) and \(\partial_{\phi}H\) for the new Hamiltonian \(H\) are given. Then the lemma is stated concerning the bounds on the term \(R\), \(\partial_{\tau}H\) and \(\partial_{\phi}H\), using some proprieties of the class \(\mathcal{F}_{\delta,\mu}\) from Kunze and Ortega's paper. In Sections 4 through 6, some regularity lemmas and the transformation theorem which are essential for Section 7 are given.