Asymptotics of a Spike type contrast structure in a problem with a multiple root of the degenerate equation (Q2332101)

Consider the following boundary value problem for a singularly perturbed differential equation \[ \varepsilon^2u''=f(u,x,\varepsilon)\text{ for }0<x<1,\quad u'(0,\varepsilon)=0,\ u'(1,\varepsilon)=0,\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(\varepsilon\) is a small positive parameter under the assumptions \begin{itemize} \item[\((A_1)\)] \(f(u,x,\varepsilon)=(u-\varphi(x))^2 (\psi(x)-u)-\varepsilon f_1(u,x,\varepsilon)\), where \(\varphi(x)<\psi(x)\) for \(x\in[0,1]\), and all functions are sufficiently smooth. \item[\((A_2)\)] \(f_1(\varphi(x),x,0)>0\) for \(x\in[0,1]\). \item[\((A_3)\)] The equation \(a'(x):=\psi'(x)-\varphi'(x)=0\) has a solution \(\overline x_0\in (0,1)\) satisfying \(a''(\overline x_0)\ne 0\). \end{itemize} Assumption \((A_1)\) implies that the degenerate equation \(f(u,x,0)\) has a double root \(u=\varphi(x)\). The author proves that under the assumptions \((A_1)\)--\((A_3)\) and for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon\) the boundary value problem (\(*\)) has a solution \(u(x,\varepsilon)\) that is close to the function \(\varphi(x)\) except for a small neighborhood near \(x=0\) and \(x=1\) and near some point \(x_*\) where \(u(x,\varepsilon)\) exhibits a spike. The solution \(u(x,\varepsilon)\) is assumed to have the structure \[ u(x, \varepsilon)=\overline{u}(x,\varepsilon)+\pi^{(-)}(\xi,\varepsilon) +\pi^{(+)}(\widetilde\xi,\varepsilon)+Q(\sigma,\varepsilon) \] where \(\overline{u}\) is the regular part, \(\pi^{(-)}\) and \(\pi^{(+)}\) are the boundary layer functions at \(x=0\) and \(x=1\) respectively, and \(Q\) is the internal layer function. The author presents algorithms to determine the asymptotic expansions of these functions and of the spike point \(x_*\).