A useful common weakening of Lindelöf and H-closed (Q2334030)

It was shown in [\textit{A. V. Arkhangel'skij}, Sov. Math., Dokl. 10, 951--955 (1969; Zbl 0191.20903); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 187, 967--970 (1969)] that if a Hausdorff space \(X\) is Lindelöf then \(|X|\leq 2^{\chi(X)}\). It was also shown in [\textit{A. Dow} and \textit{J. Porter}, Topol. Proc. 7, No. 1, 27--50 (1982; Zbl 0569.54004)] that the same cardinality bound holds for H-closed spaces. In this paper the author gives a property \(\mathcal{P}\) of a topological space \(X\) such that a) \(|X|\leq 2^{\chi(X)}\) for spaces with property \(\mathcal{P}\), and b) \(\mathcal{P}\) is a common weakening of the Lindelöf and H-closed properties. Such a property \(\mathcal{P}\) was found in [\textit{N. A. Carlson} and \textit{J. R. Porter}, Topology Appl. 241, 377--395 (2018; Zbl 1396.54005)], yet in the present paper the author gives a new and very different property. Inspired by \textit{R. E. Hodel} [ibid. 153, No. 13, 2199--2217 (2006; Zbl 1099.54001)], a narrow class of closed sets is constructed using \(\kappa\)-nets and cluster points. These are \(\chi\)-net-closed sets. A space \(X\) is defined to be almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets provided that for every \(\chi\)-net-closed set \(A\subseteq X\) and any collection \(\mathcal{U}\) of open sets in \(X\) which covers \(A\) there exists a countable collection \(\mathcal{V}\) of \(\mathcal{U}\) such that \(A\subseteq\bigcup\overline{\mathcal{V}}\). Every Lindelöf space is almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets, and it is shown in Proposition 14 that every H-closed space is also almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets. A closing-off argument is constructed in Theorem 15 demonstrating that if \(X\) is almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets then \(|X|\leq 2^{\chi(X)}\). Thus this gives another example of a property \(P\) of a space for which \(|X|\leq 2^{\chi(X)}\) for spaces \(X\) with property \(P\). A crucial ingredient in showing every H-closed space is almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets is demonstrating that in an H-closed space every \(\chi\)-net-closed set is in fact an H-set. This analogous to Lemma 4.7 in [loc. cit.]. It is also shown that in any Urysohn space a \(\chi\)-net-closed set is \(\theta\)-closed, and that an almost Lindelöf Urysohn space is almost Lindelöf with respect to \(\chi\)-net-closed sets. A corollary is a result from [\textit{A. Bella} and \textit{F. Cammaroto}, Can. Math. Bull. 31, No. 2, 153--158 (1988; Zbl 0646.54005)] that every almost Lindelöf Urysohn space has cardinality at most \(2^{\chi(X)}\). The author asks the following: Is it true that any \(\chi\)-net-closed subset of an H-closed space is \(\theta\)-closed?