Non-rigid parabolic geometries of Monge type (Q2342653)

A parabolic geometry is described by a semisimple Lie algebra \(\mathfrak g\) together with a \(k\) gradation of it (for some \(k\in \mathbb N\)) \[ \mathfrak g=\mathfrak g_{-k}\oplus\cdots\oplus \mathfrak g_{-1}\oplus \mathfrak g_0\oplus \mathfrak g_1\oplus \cdots \oplus \mathfrak g_k, \] such that \([\mathfrak g_i,\mathfrak g_j]\subset \mathfrak g_{i+j}\) and \(\mathfrak g_{l-1}=[\mathfrak g_{-1},\mathfrak g_{l}]\) for all \(l\leq -1\). Having set a system of simple roots \(\Delta_0\) of \(\mathfrak g\), a parabolic geometry is equivalent to the choice of a subset \(\Sigma\) in \(\Delta_0\), since \(\mathfrak p=\mathfrak g_{-k}\oplus\cdots\oplus \mathfrak g_{-1}\oplus \mathfrak g_0\) is a parabolic Lie subalgebra of \(\mathfrak g\), of which \(\mathfrak g_-=\mathfrak g_{-k}\oplus\cdots\oplus \mathfrak g_{-1}\) is the nilradical. Such parabolic geometry is called rigid if all the second cohomology spaces \(H^2(\mathfrak g_-,\mathfrak g)_p\) of positive weight \(p\) are zero, and it is called non-rigid otherwise. The authors define a parabolic geometry being of Monge type if \(\mathfrak g_{-1}=\mathfrak y \oplus \mathbb R X_{\zeta}\) where \(\mathfrak y\) is a codimension one an abelian subalgebra. They classify all possible non-rigid parabolic geometries of Monge type when \(\mathfrak g\) is a split form of a complex simple Lie algebra. One should notice that these are parabolic subalgebras where \(\Sigma\) has at most three roots. Moreover, if \(\dim \mathfrak g_{-1}>2\) then \(\Sigma\) is characterized as the set of roots adjacent to a special root \(\zeta\) (in the Dynkin diagram). The authors give the Maurer-Cartan equations defining the nilpotent Lie algebras \(\mathfrak g_-\) appearing in the classification. Let \(\mathcal D\) be the left invariant distribution generated by \(\mathfrak g_{-1}\) on \(N\), the simply connected nilpotent Lie group associated to \(\mathfrak g_{-}\). For some of the Lie algebras in the classification above, as well as a parabolic geometry of \(\mathfrak g_2\), the authors associate a system of differential equations related to \(\mathcal D\). These equations are often referred as \textit{Monge equations}, motivating the definition of Monge parabolic geometries.